About 20 percent of the U.S. military is black, compared to 13 percent of all Americans, according to recently released Defense Department statistics.
But in the two services with the majority of fixed-wing aircraft, the Navy and the Air Force, the percentage of black aviators is very small.
Navy statistics from the fourth quarter of 2002 show that of 8,557 pilots (16 percent of the officer corps), just 185 are black â 2 percent.
And in the Air Force, of 12,639 pilots (also 16.1 percent of the officer corps), just 236 officers are black pilots, or 2.1 percent.
The dearth of black pilots is hardly news. To the contrary, military officials have been aware of the phenomenon for decades.
âWe can go all the way back to the 1970s,â to trace the U.S. Air Forceâs efforts to increase the black pilot cadre, Brig. Gen. Leon Johnson, an Air Force Reserve fighter pilot and one of the militaryâs most prominent advocates for recruiting black pilots, said in a February interview.
In a landmark report published in 1999 by the Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness titled âCareer Progression in Minority and Women Officersâ (the last time the topic has been addressed by the Defense Department), a section on aviation says, âof all minorities, the representation of blacks has remained stubbornly low over the last 15 years.â
Selection and training
Once blacks who want to be military aviators make it into college, the manner in which the military identifies, recruits, selects and trains its pilots might be a significant barrier to the stated goal of increasing the black flying cadre, the 1999 report said.
The services draw their pilot candidates from several different sources, including the âBig Three pipelines,â as Johnson called them.
Those pipelines are the service academies; Reserve Officer Training Corps, or ROTC, programs at mainstream colleges and universities; and direct commissioning via the officer training schools.
For both ROTC and academy students, the military selection process for flight school begins in the senior year of college, when selection boards take into account academic performance, leadership, faculty recommendations and extracurricular activities.
Students also take a battery of service-specific aviator tests.
The number of flight school slots available in any given year varies, depending on the needs of the services at the time.
Each college or university is allocated a limited number of slots for pilot trainees, Gen. Johnson said, âSo even though [candidates are] qualified, they may not be able to go.â
Richard Jones saw that happen to 12 of his best black friends in 2001, during his senior year at Grambling State University in Louisiana (Grambling is part of Americaâs network of almost 100 formally designated Historically Black Colleges and Universities).
All 13 friends sent their applications to the Air Forceâs pilot selection board, but only Jones was accepted to pilot training