Quote from Cutten:
It doesn't say that - it says that in a perfectly competitive market in an equilibium state, the current market price accurately reflects all publicly available information. Given that no perfectly competitive markets exist (perfect competition requires infinite competitors, or finite competitors with infinite capital and infinite competing ability), your claim doesn't apply to any existing market.
Limiting capital available for market transactions means that things such as liquidity conditions can prevent inefficiencies being exploited. Limiting competition, or limiting the scope of competition, implies a similar restriction on market efficiency.
Economic theory, when applied to conditions prevailing in reality (rather than in a theoretical perfectly competitive market), postulates a world where markets *tend towards* efficiency, but where competition and capital is limited, where unearthing edges and processing information takes time and varies according to talent, research resources, and effort, and where new developments are creating new potential edges all the time. The process of searching for inefficiencies is an ongoing one, in line with the opening up of new markets and asset classes. The fact that exploiting inefficiencies takes time means that edges don't disappear over night, but rather take days, weeks, months, years or even decades to disappear.
Above-average returns on capital ("edges") are subject to supply and demand, barriers to entry, lead times, competition etc like everything else. If the assumptions of efficiency theory held in the real world, then no businesses would ever turn an above average profit, and no individual would earn an above average income. Yet we can see higher than average returns on equity being generated by countless businesses, and plenty of people generate lots high incomes and excess wealth.