How can we tell whether the market is going to continue or reverse direction?
In most cases, you can't tell.
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Here is a better example of following higher lows, or lower highs.
The green line assumes you've been long at where the line starts.
You could make a rule that sets a minimum percentage move you need to have a playable turn.
If you were to test this out, it would profit greatly, even when you are always in.
A problem arises when you start to include the high-low swings of each bar. So you're going to have more reversals that you would only be able to see if you also track bars on a lower time frame. You'll have to develop more rules to handle each contingency. That will lower performance. But if you try to follow the trend like this, good things can happen.
You can call the turns anything you want. You could call them a "breakout". Whatever it is called, you are looking for a break of the higher lows pattern, or a break of the lower highs pattern. Those are the only two patterns (which are really the same thing mirrored) that tell you there is a "trend". If that trend is no longer maintaining, then the break may be considered a "reversal".
Given this, what would we consider to be a "pullback"? We would have to come up with some other rule. But one thing for sure, if you can't/don't make money this way, you're not going to even know what is a pullback, or whether you could even make money on a pullback, let alone better money to get in "early". You have to make money this way before you can define "pullback" and/or "early". You can't counter-trend trade, or "fade" anything, until you have some idea of what the actual trend actually is.
Nor do you always have to be in the market. You could mine the statistics data to find filters, or to increase exposure at certain times.