DNA to RNA to Protein

easymon1 · Aug 30, 2019

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File

NA_Structure+Key+Labelled.pn_NoBB.png

The structure of the DNA double helix. The atoms in the structure are colour-coded by element and the detailed structures of two base pairs are shown in the bottom right.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eukaryote_DNA-en.svg

Location of eukaryote nuclear DNA within the chromosomes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg

T7 RNA polymerase (blue) producing an mRNA (green) from a DNA template (orange)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_replication_en.svg

DNA replication. The double helix is unwound by a helicase and topoisomerase. Next, one DNA polymerase produces the leading strand copy. Another DNA polymerase binds to the lagging strand. This enzyme makes discontinuous segments (called Okazaki fragments) before DNA ligase joins them together.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nucleosome1.png

Interaction of DNA (in orange) with histones (in blue). These proteins' basic amino acids bind to the acidic phosphate groups on DNA.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lambda_repressor_1LMB.png

The lambda repressor helix-turn-helix transcription factor bound to its DNA target

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EcoRV_1RVA.png

The restriction enzyme EcoRV (green) in a complex with its substrate DNA[

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chromosomal_Recombination.svg

Recombination involves the breaking and rejoining of two chromosomes (M and F) to produce two rearranged chromosomes (C1 and C2).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holliday_Junction.svg

Structure of the Holliday junction intermediate in genetic recombination. The four separate DNA strands are coloured red, blue, green and yellow

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipe...nostructures.png/600px-DNA_nanostructures.png

The DNA structure at left (schematic shown) will self-assemble into the structure visualized by atomic force microscopy at right. DNA nanotechnology is the field that seeks to design nanoscale structures using the molecular recognition properties of DNA molecules. Image from Strong, 2004

Ayn Rand · Aug 31, 2019

What is the purpose of this post? You are doing documented research on genetic composition and mechanics.

In the picture starting the entry, what are the snowflake like structures under the double helixes?

"element and the detailed structures of two base pairs"

How about a list of elements. Are you surprises that there are actually so few elements used in DNA? Why these elements? Weight/size might have something to do with it.

What are the base pairs? Are you surprised there are only 4/5 (RNA)? Is there anything about the chemical structure of these base pairs that make them unique? Recently some unnatural base pairs have been made in the lab. Compare and contrast.

easymon1 · Sep 1, 2019

thanks ms ayn rand,

dna is a supremely intresting molecule.

it has a patience that we can only say.

apart from what we see around us today

what would you say it can do, . . .

given time?

show your work.

easymon1 · Sep 18, 2019

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_operon

.

Ayn Rand · Sep 18, 2019

This is a nice You Tube video except for the very last part. However, it does not come close to capturing the activity and speed of DNA replication in the body of any organism.

The example is showing 1 chromosome in a cell. In the human cell there are 23 chromosomal pairs. They say real time but I suspect what is being shown is too slow.

Again 1 chromosome in a cell. Human cells have 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes. What is shown in the example for just 1 chromosome is happening to each or the 46 chromosomes in the cell. I suspect no one can mentally capture the 46 at once.

Human - Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 chromosomes. It is estimated that each processing cell renders 40-60 base pair copies per second. There are about 1 trillion DNA rendering cells in the human body(blood cells do not contain a nucleus or DNA). So each second the human body is making copies of 40-60 trillion base pairs.

What is amazing is that this replication process is done so well. Fast and many, yet few mistakes. When there are mistakes there is a process to fix the error.

The amount of cell activity devoted to replicating DNA is beyond believe. If you can get your mind around the numbers then perhaps you can appreciate the term "metabolism". Lots of energy is being used to replicate DNA - 40-60 trillion base pairs a second.

The processing of DNA could go on and on but to say that it is all a manifestation of random mutation and natural selection is - they do not even have a word for how far away from the truth this is.

**The conundrum has been that random mutation and natural selection do work as a process to further refine existing features. It as if RA and NS are sandpaper to an existing structure.**

The Holy Grail is "The Purpose".

The best I can do is - to provide for Superior Replacements after we are Gone.

easymon1 · Nov 19, 2019

Ayn Rand said:
Superior Replacements

define Superior

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_polymerase_chain_reaction

easymon1 · Apr 8, 2020

3D Animation of DNA to RNA to Protein
https://dnalc.cshl.edu/view/16933-3D-Animation-of-DNA-to-RNA-to-Protein.html

easymon1 · Apr 12, 2020

Thomas Dolby - She Blinded Me With Science

How I discovered DNA - James Watson

easymon1 · Apr 23, 2020

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution

easymon1 · May 1, 2020

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COSMIC ANCESTRY?

The chemistry leading to life may have begun shortly after the Big Bang, 13.8 billion years ago, during a habitable epoch when the Universe was only 10 to 17 million years old. Though the presence of life is confirmed only on the Earth, some scientists think that extraterrestrial life is not only plausible, but probable or inevitable. Probes and instruments have started examining other planets and moons in the Solar System and in other planetary systems for evidence of having once supported simple life, and projects such as SETI attempt to detect radio transmissions from possible extraterrestrial civilizations.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panspermia

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Organic compounds
Just as fascinating are suggestive astronomical findings, such as the Rosetta mission’s discovery of organic compounds on and around the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. This finding coincides nicely with Hoyle and Wickramasinghe’s demonstration that interstellar dust is partly made of organic molecules.

https://cosmosmagazine.com/biology/viruses-et-and-the-octopus-from-space-the-return-of-panspermia