Quote from jficquette:
Here is an article going into some detail about the history of the tax.
http://www.taxhistory.org/thp/readings.nsf/ArtWeb/6062A8E3B6C9C7C5852574800
All of the historical information contained in this article is completely irrelevant as it relates to today's situation, for one simple reason: globalization and the internet.
Over the course of the 20th century, governments could impose whatever tax they wanted on the US financial markets and make it stick. This is not so today. Today, traders can go and trade on any exchange in the world. If they actually impose a tax like this, traders would leave in a microsecond and go somewhere else like Eurex, Nikkei, Hang Seng, or wherever. They didn't have that option for most of the past 100 years.
Secondly, the internet has made short-term trading a lot more possible, and significantly narrowed spreads. The effects of a tax like this will be felt much more severely in today's markets than they would have been even 20 years ago when spreads were a lot wider.
This idea cannot work today, unless there is a global effort to institute this tax across all countries and all financial instruments, because the money will immediately flow to whomever is smart enough to not implement this tax. In today's economy with governments needing money desperately, someone would break ranks.