I don't believe 10 billion for one second. Not even if they were all "living in caves", chucking spears and eating leaves only. We're so far into overshoot it's not funny. At the current, global average level of consumption we need almost two Earths to provide the energy and materials—and absorb and process the pollution—to sustain it. For a society like the US, spread all over the world? Five Earths.The calculations keep changing on how many humans the earth can actually sustain. I think the last accepted number was 10 billion. Prior to that it was estimated like 6 billion. What changed was advancement in things like agriculture, medicine and technology. My point is that there is most likely a peak human population but the numbers change as we advance.
The few (like three) societies with the lowest ecological footprint (yes, that's a thing) are tiny and very rural. If we're lucky, a big if, our future, although it's likely a process that will take two to three centuries in all, will look like 18th century New England.
"That which is unsustainable will eventually no longer be sustained."
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