Willy Technical Analysis

[Willyw]

British Pound / US Dollar-GBPUSD As of 14/02/17

*** Intra-Daily Trading Strategy:SELL British Pound / US Dollar

Sell Target: 1.2425

Enter New SELL on OPEN and exit SELL positions at Target price or at Stop price.

(NOTE: Adjust Stop Loss Price according to your trading risk.)

Do not reverse after exiting. This is a recommendation for INTRA-DAY TRADING only!!!!!


A black body has formed as prices closed lower than open.

The previous 10 candlestick bars, there are 5 white candles versus 5 black candles.

The previous 50 candlestick bars, there are 22 white candles versus 28 black candles with a net of 6 black candles.

MACD is BEARISH as the MACD is below the signal line.

The MACD crossed below the signal line 3 day(s) ago. Since the MACD crossed the MACD moving average, British Pound / US Dollar's price has decreased0.18%, and has been fluctuating from a high of 1.258 to a low of 1.244.

The MACD is currently not in an Overbought/Oversold range.

There have been no divergence signals during the last 5 periods.

No Stochastic Buy or Sell signals generated today. The last signal was a Sell 7 Day(s) Ago.

The RSI is not currently in a topping (above 70) or bottoming (below 30) range. A buy or sell signal generated when the RSI moves out of an overbought/oversold area. The last signal was a Buy 76 day(s) ago.


The RSI has just reached its lowest value in the last 14 day(s). This is BEARISHsignal.The RSI has set a new 14-period low while the price of British Pound / US Dollar has not. This is a BEARISH DIVERGENCE.

Currently, the Momentum Oscillator does not show an overbought or oversold condition.

The DMI BUY reference point was crossed. If you are still buying, this might be a good place to stop out and prevent losses.The ADX is currently below both Plus and Minus Directional indicators. This should not use to initiate any trades right now.

The Directional Movement Indicators (DMI) currently is not indicating a specific price direction. Because this is a trend following system, it should not use to initiate any trades right now. The last Directional Movement Indicators (DMI) signal was a BUY 53 day(s) ago.

There were no SAR signals generated today. The last SAR signal was a Sell6 day(s) ago.

The close is currently

BELOW its 200 daily moving average

ABOVE its 50 daily moving average

BELOW its 20 daily moving average

The current market condition for British Pound / US Dollar is Bearish

British Pound / US Dollar closed above the lower Bollinger Band by 42.4%. Bollinger Bands are 45.59% narrower than normal. The narrow width of the Bollinger Bands suggests low volatility as compared to British Pound / US Dollar's normal range. Therefore, the probability of volatility increasing with a sharp price move has increased for the near-term. The Bollinger Bands have been in this narrow range for 1 day(s). The probability of a significant price move increases the longer the Bollinger Bands remain in this narrow range.

 

[Willyw]

US Dollar / Japanese Yen-USDJPY As of 15/02/17

*** Intra-Daily Trading Strategy:SELL US Dollar / Japanese Yen

Sell Target: 114.0900

Enter New SELL on OPEN and exit SELL positions at Target price or at Stop price.

(NOTE: Adjust Stop Loss Price according to your trading risk.)

Do not reverse after exiting. This is a recommendation for INTRA-DAY TRADING only!!!!!


A black body has formed as prices closed lower than open.

The previous 10 candlestick bars, there are 4 white candles versus 6 black candles with a net of 2 black candles.

The previous 50 candlestick bars, there are 22 white candles versus 28 black candles with a net of 6 black candles.

A spinning top has formed which is a candle with a small real body. Spinning tops identify a session in which there is little price action as defined by the difference between the open and the close. During a rally or near new highs, a spinning top can be a sign that prices are losing momentum and the bulls may be in trouble.MACD is BULLISH as the MACD is above the signal line.

The MACD crossed above the signal line 2 day(s) ago. Since the MACD crossed the MACD moving average, US Dollar / Japanese Yen's price has increased 0.30%, and has been fluctuating from a high of 114.496 to a low of 113.250.

The MACD is currently not in an Overbought/Oversold range.

There have been no divergence signals during the last 5 periods.

No Stochastic Buy or Sell signals generated today. The last signal was a Buy4 Day(s) Ago.

The RSI is not currently in a topping (above 70) or bottoming (below 30) range. A buy or sell signal generated when the RSI moves out of an overbought/oversold area. The last signal was a Sell 38 day(s) ago.


Currently the RSI does not show any Failure Swings. The RSI and price of US Dollar / Japanese Yen are not diverging.

Currently, the Momentum Oscillator does not show an overbought or oversold condition.


The Directional Movement Indicators (DMI) currently is not indicating a specific price direction. Because this is a trend following system, it should not use to initiate any trades right now. The last Directional Movement Indicators (DMI) signal was a SELL25 day(s) ago.

There were no SAR signals generated today. The last SAR signal was a Buy2 day(s) Ago.

The close is currently

ABOVE its 200 daily moving average

ABOVE its 50 daily moving average

ABOVE its 20 daily moving average

The current market condition for US Dollar / Japanese Yen is Very Bullish

US Dollar / Japanese Yen closed below the upper Bollinger Band by 33.2%. Bollinger Bands are 39.50% narrower than normal. The current width of the Bollinger Bands (alone) does not suggest anything conclusive about the future volatility or movement of prices.

 

[Willyw]

Weekly US Dollar / Japanese Yen-USDJPY As of 17/02/17

*** Intra-Weekly Trading Strategy:BUY US Dollar / Japanese Yen

Buy Target: 113.9733

Enter New BUY on OPEN and exit BUY positions at Target price or at Stop price.

(NOTE: Adjust Stop Loss Price according to your trading risk.)

Do not reverse after exiting. This is a recommendation for INTRA-DAY TRADING only!!!!!


A black body has formed as prices closed lower than open.

The previous 10 candlestick bars, there are 5 white candles versus 5 black candles.

The previous 50 candlestick bars, there are 28 white candles versus 22 black candles with a net of 6 white candles.

MACD is BEARISH as the MACD is below the signal line.

The MACD crossed below the signal line 0 week(s) ago. Since the MACD crossed the MACD moving average, US Dollar / Japanese Yen's price has been unchanged, and has been fluctuating from a high of 114.496 to a low of 112.618.

The MACD is currently not in an Overbought/Oversold range.

There have been no divergence signals during the last 5 periods.

No Stochastic Buy or Sell signals generated today. The last signal was a Buy39 Week(s) Ago.

The RSI is not currently in a topping (above 70) or bottoming (below 30) range. A buy or sell signal generated when the RSI moves out of an overbought/oversold area. The last signal was a Sell 7 week(s) ago.


The RSI has just reached its lowest value in the last 14 week(s). This is BEARISHsignal.The RSI has set a new 14-period low while the price of US Dollar / Japanese Yen has not. This is a BEARISH DIVERGENCE.

Currently, the Momentum Oscillator does not show an overbought or oversold condition.


The last Directional Movement Indicators (DMI) signal was a BUY 13 week(s) ago.

There were no SAR signals generated today. The last SAR signal was a Sell3 week(s) ago.

The close is currently

ABOVE its 200 weekly moving average

ABOVE its 50 weekly moving average

ABOVE its 20 weekly moving average

The current market condition for US Dollar / Japanese Yen is Very Bullish

US Dollar / Japanese Yen closed below the upper Bollinger Band by 43.8%. Bollinger Bands are 93.31% wider than normal.

 

[Willyw]

Euro Dollar / US Dollar-EURUSD As of 17/02/17

*** Intra-Daily Trading Strategy:SELL Euro Dollar / US Dollar

Sell Target: 1.0587

Enter New SELL on OPEN and exit SELL positions at Target price or at Stop price.

(NOTE: Adjust Stop Loss Price according to your trading risk.)

Do not reverse after exiting. This is a recommendation for INTRA-DAY TRADING only!!!!!


A big bearish black candle has formed. Prices closed considerably lower than open. If the candle appears when prices are "high," it may be the first sign of a top. If it occurs when prices are confronting an overhead resistance area, a moving average, trend line, or price resistance level, the long black candle adds credibility to the resistance. Likewise, if the candle appears as prices break below a support area, the long black candle confirms the failure of the support area.

The previous 10 candlestick bars, there are 3 white candles versus 7 black candles with a net of 4 black candles.

The previous 50 candlestick bars, there are 24 white candles versus 25 black candles with a net of 1 black candles.

MACD is BEARISH as the MACD is below the signal line.

The MACD crossed below the signal line 8 day(s) ago. Since the MACD crossed the MACD moving average, Euro Dollar / US Dollar's price has decreased0.61%, and has been fluctuating from a high of 1.074 to a low of 1.056.

The MACD is currently not in an Overbought/Oversold range.

There have been no divergence signals during the last 5 periods.

No Stochastic Buy or Sell signals generated today. The last signal was a Sell 10 Day(s) Ago.

The RSI is not currently in a topping (above 70) or bottoming (below 30) range. A buy or sell signal generated when the RSI moves out of an overbought/oversold area. The last signal was a Buy 60 day(s) ago.


Currently the RSI does not show any Failure Swings. The RSI and price of Euro Dollar / US Dollar are not diverging.

Currently, the Momentum Oscillator does not show an overbought or oversold condition.

The ADX is currently below both Plus and Minus Directional indicators. This should not use to initiate any trades right now.

The Directional Movement Indicators (DMI) currently is not indicating a specific price direction. Because this is a trend following system, it should not use to initiate any trades right now. The last Directional Movement Indicators (DMI) signal was a SELL68 day(s) ago.

There were no SAR signals generated today. The last SAR signal was a Sell8 day(s) ago.

The close is currently

BELOW its 200 daily moving average

BELOW its 50 daily moving average

BELOW its 20 daily moving average

The current market condition for Euro Dollar / US Dollar is Very Bearish

Euro Dollar / US Dollar closed above the lower Bollinger Band by 17.7%. Bollinger Bands are 27.49% narrower than normal. The current width of the Bollinger Bands (alone) does not suggest anything conclusive about the future volatility or movement of prices.

 

[Willyw]

British Pound / US Dollar-GBPUSD As of 21/02/17

*** Intra-Daily Trading Strategy:BUY British Pound / US Dollar

Buy Target: 1.2500

Enter New BUY on OPEN and exit BUY positions at Target price or at Stop price.

(NOTE: Adjust Stop Loss Price according to your trading risk.)

Do not reverse after exiting. This is a recommendation for INTRA-DAY TRADING only!!!!!


A black body has formed as prices closed lower than open.

The previous 10 candlestick bars, there are 5 white candles versus 4 black candles with a net of 1 white candles.

The previous 50 candlestick bars, there are 22 white candles versus 27 black candles with a net of 5 black candles.

A long lower shadow has formed. This is typically a bullish signal (particularly when it occurs near a low price level, at a support level, or when the security is oversold).MACD is BEARISH as the MACD is below the signal line.

The MACD crossed below the signal line 7 day(s) ago. Since the MACD crossed the MACD moving average, British Pound / US Dollar's price has decreased0.15%, and has been fluctuating from a high of 1.258 to a low of 1.238.

The MACD is currently not in an Overbought/Oversold range.

There have been no divergence signals during the last 5 periods.

No Stochastic Buy or Sell signals generated today. The last signal was a Sell 11 Day(s) Ago.

The RSI is not currently in a topping (above 70) or bottoming (below 30) range. A buy or sell signal generated when the RSI moves out of an overbought/oversold area. The last signal was a Buy 80 day(s) ago.


Currently the RSI does not show any Failure Swings. The RSI and price of British Pound / US Dollar are not diverging.

Currently, the Momentum Oscillator does not show an overbought or oversold condition.

The ADX is currently below both Plus and Minus Directional indicators. This should not use to initiate any trades right now.

The Directional Movement Indicators (DMI) currently is not indicating a specific price direction. Because this is a trend following system, it should not use to initiate any trades right now. The last Directional Movement Indicators (DMI) signal was a BUY 57 day(s) ago.

There were no SAR signals generated today. The last SAR signal was a Sell10 day(s) ago.

The close is currently

BELOW its 200 daily moving average

ABOVE its 50 daily moving average

ABOVE its 20 daily moving average

The current market condition for British Pound / US Dollar is Mildly Bearish

British Pound / US Dollar closed above the lower Bollinger Band by 30.4%. Bollinger Bands are 65.99% narrower than normal. The narrow width of the Bollinger Bands suggests low volatility as compared to British Pound / US Dollar's normal range. Therefore, the probability of volatility increasing with a sharp price move has increased for the near-term. The Bollinger Bands have been in this narrow range for 5 day(s). The probability of a significant price move increases the longer the Bollinger Bands remain in this narrow range.

 

[Willyw]

US Dollar / Japanese Yen-USDJPY As of 22/02/17

*** Intra-Daily Trading Strategy:SELL US Dollar / Japanese Yen

Sell Target: 113.0133

Enter New SELL on OPEN and exit SELL positions at Target price or at Stop price.

(NOTE: Adjust Stop Loss Price according to your trading risk.)

Do not reverse after exiting. This is a recommendation for INTRA-DAY TRADING only!!!!!


A black body has formed as prices closed lower than open.

The previous 10 candlestick bars, there are 3 white candles versus 7 black candles with a net of 4 black candles.

The previous 50 candlestick bars, there are 20 white candles versus 30 black candles with a net of 10 black candles.

A long lower shadow has formed. This is typically a bullish signal (particularly when it occurs near a low price level, at a support level, or when the security is oversold).MACD is BULLISH as the MACD is above the signal line.

The MACD crossed above the signal line 6 day(s) ago. Since the MACD crossed the MACD moving average, US Dollar / Japanese Yen's price has decreased0.28%, and has been fluctuating from a high of 114.496 to a low of 112.618.

The MACD is currently not in an Overbought/Oversold range.

There have been no divergence signals during the last 5 periods.

No Stochastic Buy or Sell signals generated today. The last signal was a Buy8 Day(s) Ago.

The RSI is not currently in a topping (above 70) or bottoming (below 30) range. A buy or sell signal generated when the RSI moves out of an overbought/oversold area. The last signal was a Sell 42 day(s) ago.


Currently the RSI does not show any Failure Swings. The RSI and price of US Dollar / Japanese Yen are not diverging.

Currently, the Momentum Oscillator does not show an overbought or oversold condition.


The Directional Movement Indicators (DMI) currently is not indicating a specific price direction. Because this is a trend following system, it should not use to initiate any trades right now. The last Directional Movement Indicators (DMI) signal was a SELL29 day(s) ago.

There were no SAR signals generated today. The last SAR signal was a Buy6 day(s) Ago.

The close is currently

ABOVE its 200 daily moving average

BELOW its 50 daily moving average

BELOW its 20 daily moving average

The current market condition for US Dollar / Japanese Yen is Mildly Bullish

US Dollar / Japanese Yen closed below the upper Bollinger Band by 45.5%. Bollinger Bands are 47.36% narrower than normal. The narrow width of the Bollinger Bands suggests low volatility as compared to US Dollar / Japanese Yen's normal range. Therefore, the probability of volatility increasing with a sharp price move has increased for the near-term. The Bollinger Bands have been in this narrow range for 3 day(s). The probability of a significant price move increases the longer the Bollinger Bands remain in this narrow range.

 

[Willyw]

Weekly US Dollar / Japanese Yen-USDJPY As of 24/02/17

A black body has formed as prices closed lower than open.

The previous 10 candlestick bars, there are 4 white candles versus 6 black candles with a net of 2 black candles.

The previous 50 candlestick bars, there are 27 white candles versus 23 black candles with a net of 4 white candles.

MACD is BEARISH as the MACD is below the signal line.

The MACD crossed below the signal line 1 week(s) ago. Since the MACD crossed the MACD moving average, US Dollar / Japanese Yen's price has decreased0.56%, and has been fluctuating from a high of 114.496 to a low of 111.941.

The MACD is currently not in an Overbought/Oversold range.

There have been no divergence signals during the last 5 periods.

No Stochastic Buy or Sell signals generated today. The last signal was a Buy40 Week(s) Ago.

The RSI is not currently in a topping (above 70) or bottoming (below 30) range. A buy or sell signal generated when the RSI moves out of an overbought/oversold area. The last signal was a Sell 8 week(s) ago.


The RSI has just reached its lowest value in the last 14 week(s). This is BEARISHsignal.

Currently, the Momentum Oscillator does not show an overbought or oversold condition.


The last Directional Movement Indicators (DMI) signal was a BUY 14 week(s) ago.

There were no SAR signals generated today. The last SAR signal was a Sell4 week(s) ago.

The close is currently

ABOVE its 200 weekly moving average

ABOVE its 50 weekly moving average

ABOVE its 20 weekly moving average

The current market condition for US Dollar / Japanese Yen is Very Bullish

US Dollar / Japanese Yen closed below the upper Bollinger Band by 49.1%. Bollinger Bands are 78.19% wider than normal.

 

[Willyw]

Euro Dollar / US Dollar-EURUSD As of 27/02/17

*** Intra-Daily Trading Strategy:BUY Euro Dollar / US Dollar

Buy Target: 1.0632

Enter New BUY on OPEN and exit BUY positions at Target price or at Stop price.

(NOTE: Adjust Stop Loss Price according to your trading risk.)

Do not reverse after exiting. This is a recommendation for INTRA-DAY TRADING only!!!!!


A white body has formed as prices closed higher than open.

The previous 10 candlestick bars, there are 5 white candles versus 5 black candles.

The previous 50 candlestick bars, there are 25 white candles versus 24 black candles with a net of 1 white candles.

A engulfing bullish line has formed where a white candle's real body completely contains the previous black candle's real body. The engulfing bullish pattern is bullish during a downtrend(which is the case with Euro Dollar / US Dollar). It then signifies that the momentum may be shifting from the bears to the bulls.

If the engulfing bullish pattern occurs during an uptrend, it may be a last engulfing top which indicates a top. The test to see if this is the case is if the next candle closes below the top of the current (white) candle's real body.MACD is BEARISH as the MACD is below the signal line.

The MACD crossed below the signal line 13 day(s) ago. Since the MACD crossed the MACD moving average, Euro Dollar / US Dollar's price has decreased0.79%, and has been fluctuating from a high of 1.074 to a low of 1.049.

The MACD is currently not in an Overbought/Oversold range.

There have been no divergence signals during the last 5 periods.

No Stochastic Buy or Sell signals generated today. The last signal was a Sell 15 Day(s) Ago.

The RSI is not currently in a topping (above 70) or bottoming (below 30) range. A buy or sell signal generated when the RSI moves out of an overbought/oversold area. The last signal was a Buy 65 day(s) ago.


Currently the RSI does not show any Failure Swings. The RSI and price of Euro Dollar / US Dollar are not diverging.

Currently, the Momentum Oscillator does not show an overbought or oversold condition.

The ADX is currently below both Plus and Minus Directional indicators. This should not use to initiate any trades right now.

The Directional Movement Indicators (DMI) currently is not indicating a specific price direction. Because this is a trend following system, it should not use to initiate any trades right now. The last Directional Movement Indicators (DMI) signal was a SELL73 day(s) ago.

A SAR Buy signal generated today. If you are short, this might be a good place to exit.

The close is currently

BELOW its 200 daily moving average

BELOW its 50 daily moving average

BELOW its 20 daily moving average

The current market condition for Euro Dollar / US Dollar is Very Bearish

Euro Dollar / US Dollar closed above the lower Bollinger Band by 30.6%. Bollinger Bands are 7.91% narrower than normal. The current width of the Bollinger Bands (alone) does not suggest anything conclusive about the future volatility or movement of prices.

 

[Willyw]

British Pound / US Dollar-GBPUSD As of 28/02/17

*** Intra-Daily Trading Strategy:BUY British Pound / US Dollar

Buy Target: 1.2442

Enter New BUY on OPEN and exit BUY positions at Target price or at Stop price.

(NOTE: Adjust Stop Loss Price according to your trading risk.)

Do not reverse after exiting. This is a recommendation for INTRA-DAY TRADING only!!!!!

* Chaos Trading System

SELL signal generated today. ENTER SELL and exit buy at market price on the next Daily open.

A black body has formed as prices closed lower than open.

The previous 10 candlestick bars, there are 3 white candles versus 6 black candles with a net of 3 black candles.

The previous 50 candlestick bars, there are 23 white candles versus 26 black candles with a net of 3 black candles.

MACD is BEARISH as the MACD is below the signal line.

The MACD crossed below the signal line 12 day(s) ago. Since the MACD crossed the MACD moving average, British Pound / US Dollar's price has decreased0.87%, and has been fluctuating from a high of 1.258 to a low of 1.237.

The MACD is currently not in an Overbought/Oversold range.

There have been no divergence signals during the last 5 periods.

No Stochastic Buy or Sell signals generated today. The last signal was a Sell 16 Day(s) Ago.

The RSI is not currently in a topping (above 70) or bottoming (below 30) range. A buy or sell signal generated when the RSI moves out of an overbought/oversold area. The last signal was a Buy 85 day(s) ago.


The RSI has just reached its lowest value in the last 14 day(s). This is BEARISHsignal.

Currently, the Momentum Oscillator does not show an overbought or oversold condition.

The ADX is currently below both Plus and Minus Directional indicators. This should not use to initiate any trades right now.

The Directional Movement Indicators (DMI) currently is not indicating a specific price direction. Because this is a trend following system, it should not use to initiate any trades right now. The last Directional Movement Indicators (DMI) signal was a BUY 62 day(s) ago.

There were no SAR signals generated today. The last SAR signal was a Buy2 day(s) Ago.

The close is currently

BELOW its 200 daily moving average

BELOW its 50 daily moving average

BELOW its 20 daily moving average

The current market condition for British Pound / US Dollar is Very Bearish

British Pound / US Dollar closed above the lower Bollinger Band by 2.8%. Bollinger Bands are 66.07% narrower than normal. The narrow width of the Bollinger Bands suggests low volatility as compared to British Pound / US Dollar's normal range. Therefore, the probability of volatility increasing with a sharp price move has increased for the near-term. The Bollinger Bands have been in this narrow range for 10 day(s). The probability of a significant price move increases the longer the Bollinger Bands remain in this narrow range.

 

[Willyw]

US Dollar / Japanese Yen-USDJPY As of 01/03/17

*** Intra-Daily Trading Strategy:BUY US Dollar / Japanese Yen

Buy Target: 114.5940

Enter New BUY on OPEN and exit BUY positions at Target price or at Stop price.

(NOTE: Adjust Stop Loss Price according to your trading risk.)

Do not reverse after exiting. This is a recommendation for INTRA-DAY TRADING only!!!!!


A big bullish white candle has formed. Prices closed considerably higher than open. If the candle appears when prices are "low," it may be the first sign of a bottom. If it occurs when prices are rebounding off a support area, a moving average, trend line, or retracement level, the long white candle adds credibility to the support. Likewise, if the candle appears during a breakout above a resistance area, the long white candle adds credibility to the breakout.

The previous 10 candlestick bars, there are 4 white candles versus 6 black candles with a net of 2 black candles.

The previous 50 candlestick bars, there are 20 white candles versus 30 black candles with a net of 10 black candles.

Three white candles has formed during the last three bars. Although these candles were not big enough to create three white soldiers, the steady upward pattern is bullish.MACD is BULLISH as the MACD is above the signal line.

The MACD crossed above the signal line 1 day(s) ago. Since the MACD crossed the MACD moving average, US Dollar / Japanese Yen's price has increased 0.71%, and has been fluctuating from a high of 114.044 to a low of 111.690.

The MACD is currently not in an Overbought/Oversold range.

There have been no divergence signals during the last 5 periods.

No Stochastic Buy or Sell signals generated today. The last signal was a Buy13 Day(s) Ago.

The RSI is not currently in a topping (above 70) or bottoming (below 30) range. A buy or sell signal generated when the RSI moves out of an overbought/oversold area. The last signal was a Sell 47 day(s) ago.


Currently the RSI does not show any Failure Swings. The RSI and price of US Dollar / Japanese Yen are not diverging.

Currently, the Momentum Oscillator does not show an overbought or oversold condition.


The Directional Movement Indicators (DMI) currently is not indicating a specific price direction. Because this is a trend following system, it should not use to initiate any trades right now. The last Directional Movement Indicators (DMI) signal was a SELL34 day(s) ago.

There were no SAR signals generated today. The last SAR signal was a Sell3 day(s) ago.

The close is currently

ABOVE its 200 daily moving average

ABOVE its 50 daily moving average

ABOVE its 20 daily moving average

The current market condition for US Dollar / Japanese Yen is Very Bullish

US Dollar / Japanese Yen closed below the upper Bollinger Band by 25.9%. Bollinger Bands are 54.97% narrower than normal. The narrow width of the Bollinger Bands suggests low volatility as compared to US Dollar / Japanese Yen's normal range. Therefore, the probability of volatility increasing with a sharp price move has increased for the near-term. The Bollinger Bands have been in this narrow range for 8 day(s). The probability of a significant price move increases the longer the Bollinger Bands remain in this narrow range.