Why superpowers in the ancient time cannot last forever?

University of Liverpool - free online course:

" Superpowers of the Ancient World: the Near East "


Experience the world’s first international age, 3,500 years ago in the ancient Near East, with this free online course.

https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/superpowers-near-east

Why join the course?

Over four weeks, this free online course explores four ancient Near-Eastern cultures and how they interacted with each other 3,500 years ago.


Tracking the Egyptian, Mitannian and Hittite superpowers

Travel, diplomacy, trade and warfare feature, as we track the ancient Egyptian, Mitannian and Hittite superpowers. We will see how they came into contact with each other in their efforts to extend their influence into the ever-contested Syria-Palestine lands.

We will examine objects from the University of Liverpool’s Garstang Museum of Archaeology - one of the most important collections of artefacts in the UK - enabling you to learn not only about the history of this period, but also how experts use artefacts to reconstruct the past.


Using the present to illuminate the past

The archaeological evidence that we will consult is often disparate and fragmentary, so in order to understand it better, we will look into current approaches to international relations and discuss modern parallels with an expert from our Department of Politics.
 
hollar_roman_testudo.jpg
Roman armies dominated the ancient world, much like today’s lone superpower.



When In Rome — Was American Exceptionalism Inspired By An Ancient ‘Superpower’?
by MilitaryHistoryNow.com • 17 February, 2014

http://militaryhistorynow.com/2014/...ts-exceptionalism-from-an-ancient-superpower/

By Dr. Shadi Bartsch
( Shadi Bartsch is the Helen A. Regenstein Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago and is the author of a number of books and essays about ancient Rome. This article ran on the Huffington Post this past Saturday. Professor Bartsch has granted MilitaryHistoryNow.com to publish it. )

American citizens concerned about their military policy abroad might find an interesting mirror in ancient Rome.

The Romans wanted to make sure that they were fighting wars that were not driven by greed for gain, but were ‘just’. In fact they managed to make such claims for every single war of expansion they fought, and when they won, it confirmed their belief that they were in the right. After all, if the gods hadn’t supported them, they would have lost. But how were the Romans so sure that their wars were just before they saw divine support via victory?

Part of the answer sounds strange to us; the other half, perhaps, does not.
 

List of ancient great powers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers

In an ancient context, recognized great powers came about first in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era.[1] The formalization of the division between small powers[2] and great powers came about with the signing of the Treaty of Chaumont in 1814. A great power is a nation or state that, through its great economic, political and military strength, is able to exert power and influence over not only its own region of the world, but beyond to others.

The historical terms "Great Nation",[3][4][5] a distinguished aggregate of people inhabiting a particular country or territory, and "Great Empire",[6] a considerable group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, are colloquial; their use is seen in ordinary historical conversations (historical jargon).
 
You can underestimate China all you want. But you explain the situation about 15 years ago with a backwards-looking (or at best stagnant) outlook. Nigeria and Afghanistan, not so much. Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Pakistan, Iran, Japan, Korea...they're a different story.

Their force projection today is real and growing. Search "Nine-Dash Line"--their force projection in the South China Sea is calculated, effective, and uncontested. De jure international law is quite meaningless when de facto control is on terms dictated by China when no one else is willing to stand up to them militarily.

China's economy is diversifying, growing, and no where near as beholden to US purchasing as the prevailing narrative would have you believe. It's trade surplus is shrinking. It's the second largest tech economy in the world. It's exports are moving from raw materials to manufactured goods of increasing sophistication.

Then there's the question of how many soldiers (or in the case of China, how much military equipment) can be purchased relative to its US counterpart. The short version is, $1 in the hands of the Chinese military goes about as far as $3-4 in the hands of the US. Couple that with the reality that China only needs to have a projection range about 1/4 that of the US (the distance between Chinese air & naval bases to the 9-dash line vs. the distance for US bases to the 9-dash line), and that's effectively a force multiplier for their equipment. On top of that, the US is projecting power across the Atlantic, in the Mediterranean, the Northwestern Indian Ocean / Gulf States, and across the Pacific--that leaves only a fraction of US naval and air power to directly counter Chinese power.

There's also the disparity between domestic policies in the respective contries. The Chinese nationalist agenda is that of growing power and national pride--thus power projection is quite popular domestically in China. The US is pivoting away from this as a source of national pride--the current administration's aversion to "nation building" is the physical manifestation of that. And this isn't a left-right divide over policy, this is an emerging norm across the political spectrum--a royal flush of belief within academia, political elites, political outsiders, and popular opinion.

The feel-good narratives of Pax Americana Eternal plays well to misguided feelings of nostalgia. The reality is something entirely different, and foreign policy based on nostalgia will all but certainly lead to miscalculation and war. Look for some candid comments of US military leadership regarding war games, and the prevalence of the surprise at the frequency with which these devolve into all-out war.
None of the countries listed (Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Pakistan, Iran, Japan, Korea) are pivoting toward China. In fact every one of them is very concerned about China and are pivoting toward the U.S. to act as a counterweight to China on their behalf (except Iran and maybe Pakistan which are the odd ducks because of the land border). The "nine-dash line" is contested by U.S. forces flying and sailing through it all the time, and it's what has the Philippines and Vietnam especially pivoting away from China.
China exports $2.2T a year (https://www.statista.com/topics/1456/export-in-china/). I don't care who you are, that's significant!
IMHO the military side is a red herring imho because this isn't a military story, wars or potential wars just make for more spectacular headlines and get more than their fare share of attention. However, if it was a military story then the PLA and PLA Navy are incredibly far behind the U.S. when it comes to force projection over anything other than a land border. It's not telling the whole story to say $1 in the hands of the Chinese military goes about as far as $3-4 in the hands of the US. If you buy 4 tanks with a range of 2,000 meters and the U.S. can only buy one with a range of 2,500 meters, you end up with 0 tanks and the U.S. ends up with 1 at the end of the day. Far more important than that is the training and professionalism of U.S. service members vice PLA service members, both in general and in highly specific areas like amphibious assaults and carrier air ops, both of which the U.S. has been practicing and refining continuously since WWII, neither of which the PLA has ever even practiced, and both of which are crucial to maritime force projection. As a retired military guy I could get sucked into going on forever on this vein, but again I believe it is really all irrelevant given the economic options.
I do agree with you on the internal policy differences between the two countries, that's really the wild card. Does nationalism and a pathological desire for stability on the part of China overrule the rationale of economic self interest? I don't think any of us know.
 
None of the countries listed (Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Pakistan, Iran, Japan, Korea) are pivoting toward China. In fact every one of them is very concerned about China and are pivoting toward the U.S. to act as a counterweight to China on their behalf (except Iran and maybe Pakistan which are the odd ducks because of the land border). The "nine-dash line" is contested by U.S. forces flying and sailing through it all the time, and it's what has the Philippines and Vietnam especially pivoting away from China.
And I'm sure Japan and Philippines came into US sphere of influence because of America's benevolent intent...Fear of China will drive each of these nations to closer relations with China.

And how well is the US's contesting of the Nine Dash Line going? Because while China is exercising de facto sovereignty over each island chain, the US allies are loud in international forums, but absent in the location of their claims.

IMHO the military side is a red herring imho because this isn't a military story, wars or potential wars just make for more spectacular headlines and get more than their fare share of attention. However, if it was a military story then the PLA and PLA Navy are incredibly far behind the U.S. when it comes to force projection over anything other than a land border. It's not telling the whole story to say $1 in the hands of the Chinese military goes about as far as $3-4 in the hands of the US. If you buy 4 tanks with a range of 2,000 meters and the U.S. can only buy one with a range of 2,500 meters, you end up with 0 tanks and the U.S. ends up with 1 at the end of the day. Far more important than that is the training and professionalism of U.S. service members vice PLA service members, both in general and in highly specific areas like amphibious assaults and carrier air ops, both of which the U.S. has been practicing and refining continuously since WWII, neither of which the PLA has ever even practiced, and both of which are crucial to maritime force projection. As a retired military guy I could get sucked into going on forever on this vein, but again I believe it is really all irrelevant given the economic options.
You can describe this however you want. The reality is the US doesn't have the domestic will to lose as many people as China does. They probably lack outright military power to win any war short of all out nuclear war--and the term "win" in that case is somewhat subjective. In any limited war within context of China's contested claims, there are no reasonable scenarios where the Chinese cede their claims. You may well be right about the history of the PLA and the technology gap that exists (more rightly, existed, it's shrinking fast). But we'd do well to remember how well this gap was exploited in Korea and Vietnam. In each case, a woefully inferior enemy propped up by the PLA was able to stalemate one war, and win the other.

The question of a tank's range is woefully academic when it's lying on the sea floor. The reality here is that Chinese anti-shipping missiles, even with a fractional success rate, make a meaningful landing of US and allied troops prohibitively expensive. Furthermore, China will determine which battles are fought and where. They enjoy air superiority within their territorial claims, and navel superiority opportunistically. And China is the sole beneficiary of time's passage with respects to the status quo.

I do agree with you on the internal policy differences between the two countries, that's really the wild card. Does nationalism and a pathological desire for stability on the part of China overrule the rationale of economic self interest? I don't think any of us know.
At the moment, I'd say it's premature to suggest that China is still pursuing domestic stability pervasively. Indeed, it's middle class has risen, once active centers of dissent have fallen (when was the last time you read about the Uighurs or Tibet?), and it's people have realized the clear and concise vision consistently articulated by a stable CCP since 2002.

China's rise is very real, and nostalgic views of American superiority are likely to be punished if acted upon at a national level.
 
Trump now has the perfect excuse to ban trade with China if they don't help with the North Korean problem. This would neatly fit in with his idea that most of the current imports into the US could be made at home. Such a trade policy would quickly affect the Chinese economy. They have foreseen this possibility and are concentrating on internal service type businesses rather than their usual profitable, export trade balances. He would need the Europeans to support the same policy for it to be effective.
Maybe some would argue, it is high time China was taught a lesson. But don't think it would be easily forgotten or forgiven.

It is my thought that the conventional warfare concept has been outdated. Considering so many satellites and GPS equipment systems in the space that could be anytime used as weapons, even installed with nuclear warheads secretly without any international acknowledgement.

Nowadays almost every industrial countries is able to send satellites to inner space for communication purpose.

If NKorea can do so much progress within relatively short period of time for developing their nuclear weapons, so that many other countries could be able to do even better and quicker, possibly. And naturally!

Trump was once wanting to scale down the military set-up and expenses and he should be right and correct. Considering he gained certain theory and knowledge as a graduate from military school. (Actually imo his international policies and relations ideas before election were not all wrong. Making peace with Russia was another one of them.) Better spend the money in domestic issues and economic development.

If the NKorea say they can mass produce their nuclear weapons, how many defense equipment the US can set up within shortest time, considering the costs involved and complexity?

imo, the ultimate question for the world to ask could be, What the NKorea really want? Peace? Money? Defense? Hatred? ...

Why the world nowadays would still use the same old rules book for avoiding warfare, without any updating according to dynamic situations? A new world that allows flying drones for delivering parcel boxes without really knowing for sure what stuff (whether dangerous or not) would have been actually placed inside the big box - flying everywhere around crowds! LOL



* Elon Musk joins over 100 experts in urging UN to act on 'killer robots'
www.telegraph.co.uk/.../elon-musk-joins-100-experts-urging-un-act-killer-robots/ - Cached
21 Aug 2017 ... More than 100 robotics and artificial intelligence leaders including billionaire ... Elon Musk has regularly warned of the "dangers" of artificial ...

* Killer robots? Musk and Zuckerberg escalate row over dangers of AI ...
https://www.theguardian.com/.../elon-musk-mark-zuckerberg-artificial-intelligence-facebook-tesla - Cached
25 Jul 2017 ... Elon Musk. The Tesla and SpaceX CEO believes artificial intelligence poses a “ fundamental risk to the existence of civilization”. Photograph: ...

* Elon Musk's Billion-Dollar Crusade to Stop the A.I. Apocalypse ...
https://www.vanityfair.com/.../elon-musk-billion-dollar-crusade-to-stop-ai-space-x - Cached
Mostly because in everyday life you don't see robots walking around. .... Musk's alarming views on the dangers of A.I. first went viral after he spoke at M.I.T. in ...

* Musk Warns Governors About Homicidal Robots & Other AI Dangers ...
https://cleantechnica.com/.../musk-warns-governors-homicidal-robots-ai-dangers/ - Cached
17 Jul 2017 ... Elon Musk warns governors about dangers of AI “Until people see robots going down the street killing people, they don't know how to react ...

* ...
 
It is my thought that the conventional warfare concept has been outdated. Considering so many satellites and GPS equipment systems in the space that could be anytime used as weapons, even installed with nuclear warheads secretly without any international acknowledgement.

Nowadays almost every industrial countries is able to send satellites to inner space for communication purpose.

If NKorea can do so much progress within relatively short period of time for developing their nuclear weapons, so that many other countries could be able to do even better and quicker, possibly. And naturally!

Trump was once wanting to scale down the military set-up and expenses and he should be right and correct. Considering he gained certain theory and knowledge as a graduate from military school. (Actually imo his international policies and relations ideas before election were not all wrong. Making peace with Russia was another one of them.) Better spend the money in domestic issues and economic development.

If the NKorea say they can mass produce their nuclear weapons, how many defense equipment the US can set up within shortest time, considering the costs involved and complexity?

imo, the ultimate question for the world to ask could be, What the NKorea really want? Peace? Money? Defense? Hatred? ...

Why the world nowadays would still use the same old rules book for avoiding warfare, without any updating according to dynamic situations? A new world that allows flying drones for delivering parcel boxes without really knowing for sure what stuff (whether dangerous or not) would have been actually placed inside the big box - flying everywhere around crowds! LOL
Graduate from military school! Seriously, you consider someone who went to a military boarding school in high school (then dodged the draft) to know jack shit about anything in the military, let alone how military power influences international affairs? Wow, just wow (says this retired military officer you just insulted along with everyone else who has actually served).
 
imo, the ultimate question for the world to ask could be, What the NKorea really want? Peace? Money? Defense? Hatred? ...
Viewed within the context that the US does not recognize them as a sovereign nation, formally supports the reunification of Korea under the South Korean government, and the US has sought regime change in nations using WMD as a pretextual casus belli?

I don't think it's unreasonable to take them at their word that really all they want is guarantees of continued existence.

Bannon, for all his objectionable qualities, astutely observed that the military option is a non-starter until someone solves the equation of how 10 million people in Seoul don't die within 30 minutes of the commencement of hostilities from conventional weapons.

Incidentally, this plays out in war games (and in fact the very war games going on right now), where in the context of a ship collision in disputed waters combined with ordinary saber rattling of shelling South Korean army positions (an annual occurrence), provides sufficient pretext for China to enter a "defensive" war on behalf of the DPRK. And just like that, we're at war with China, and 10s of millions of Koreans are dead before the US ambassador is even on his flight out of Beijing...
 
Graduate from military school! Seriously, you consider someone who went to a military boarding school in high school (then dodged the draft) to know jack shit about anything in the military, let alone how military power influences international affairs? Wow, just wow (says this retired military officer you just insulted along with everyone else who has actually served).

I just meant that he, relative to other candidates, was not a guy without any knowledge at all regarding reading/studying any military books.

That Trump knew and spoken out to his crowds the problems did/does not mean he had had the ability required to solve the problems.

However, other candidates didn't/dare not even really want to touch/talk about the real problems by saying bravely, I can solve the problems! Like employment jobs, reducing national debts, Stopping wars, reduce expenses, ISIS, etc.

Therefore, he got the job!




* Trump Blasts Military Generals, Says They Are 'Embarrassing To ...
https://thinkprogress.org/trump-generals-embarrassing-country-2048c27becef/ - Cached
8 Sep 2016 ... Trump Blasts Military Generals, Says They Are 'Embarrassing To Our Country' ... 7, 2016. CREDIT: AP Photo/Evan Vucci. Appearing at the ... Trump has previously said he knows more about ISIS than the generals. All of this is ...

* Trump ISIS Plan Devised By Generals Who 'Don't Know Much'
nymag.com/.../2016/.../trump-isis-plan-devised-by-generals-who-dont-know-much.html - Cached
CLOSE. / the national interest September 7, 2016 09/07/2016 10:19 am. Trump to Ask Generals, Who Know Less Than Trump, for Plan to Defeat ISIS. By Jonathan ... “I know more about ISIS than the generals do,” Trump bragged last year.

Trump 2020!



* Michael Moore says Donald Trump will be re-elected in 2020 | The ...
www.independent.co.uk/.../michael-moore-donald-trump-2020-president-win-a7919851.html - Cached
6 days ago ... Despite the doom-mongering, Moore believes Trump will retain office come 2020 , telling Fast Company: “I should say re-appointed, because ...

* Michael Moore Says Trump Is On Track To Win Again In 2020
https://www.fastcompany.com/.../michael-moore-says-trump-is-on-track-to-win-again-in-2020 - Cached
28 Aug 2017 ... Three weeks into the run of his anti-Trump Broadway show, The Terms of My Surrender, filmmaker and activist Michael Moore tells Fast ...
 
Viewed within the context that the US does not recognize them as a sovereign nation, formally supports the reunification of Korea under the South Korean government, and the US has sought regime change in nations using WMD as a pretextual casus belli?

I don't think it's unreasonable to take them at their word that really all they want is guarantees of continued existence.

Bannon, for all his objectionable qualities, astutely observed that the military option is a non-starter until someone solves the equation of how 10 million people in Seoul don't die within 30 minutes of the commencement of hostilities from conventional weapons.

Incidentally, this plays out in war games (and in fact the very war games going on right now), where in the context of a ship collision in disputed waters combined with ordinary saber rattling of shelling South Korean army positions (an annual occurrence), provides sufficient pretext for China to enter a "defensive" war on behalf of the DPRK. And just like that, we're at war with China, and 10s of millions of Koreans are dead before the US ambassador is even on his flight out of Beijing...

Looks like to me Bannon got the electable policy ideas that made Trump elected after wisely adopting Bannon's ideas.

By now Trump has become a mix. imo,he cannot prove he has got required talents or capability to implement the ideas. A big appointment to everyone, except himself perhaps.

I think that's why his rating has been so low! While his supporters still like him. :D
 
Back
Top