By Etienne ROLLAND-PIEGUE (Tokyo, Japan) - See all my reviews
(REAL NAME)
This review is from: Saving Capitalism from the Capitalists: Unleashing the Power of Financial Markets to Create Wealth and Spread Opportunity (Paperback)
This book will be many things to many people at the same time. Economists can use it as a primer in empirical finance that will provide an overview of the field by two scholars who greatly contributed to its expansion. Business school students will appreciate the many case studies that illustrate the theoretical points and provide models for business ventures. More politically inclined readers will find a political tract in the tradition of Friedrich Hayek's Road to Serfdom, only with a different twist: the enemies that capitalism needs to be warded off against are not well-intentioned promoters of the welfare state - in fact the authors have kind words for European-style social protection - but the capitalists themselves, who may abuse their position of power to stifle competition and shackle markets. The book is also as essay in comparative economic history, shedding light on the fate of the Templars in early fourteenth century Europe, the transformation of the English monarchy under the Tudors and the Stuarts, or industrial development in Mexico and Brazil at the turn of the twentieth century. It is, above all, a paean to unbridled financial markets and an apology of their contribution to wealth generation.
Rajan and Zingales see the main threat to capitalism as coming from an unholy alliance between incumbent elites, bent on protecting their rents against competition, and distressed workers who suffer from the process of creative destruction. To those who might object that this alliance seems highly unlikely, the authors object that it has happened before, and that it had long-lasting results, explaining in effect the contrasting trajectories of Europe and the United States in the twentieth century. They begin by remarking that equity markets before the First World War were much more developed in England, Belgium and France than in the United States: so much for those who see in Anglo-Saxon culture or in the common law tradition the key to financial development!
They then describe what they call the Great Reversal that marked the fallback of financial markets from 1930 until well into the 1980s. This half century when financial markets shrank in size and cross-border capital flows were reduced to a trickle was in direct consequence to the Great Depression and the measures taken by governments to protect their markets and impose financial repression. The privileges obtained by incumbent monopolists in the guise of protecting workers from unruly markets long survived the politicians that were persuaded to put them in place.
One may not agree with all the ideas expressed by the authors and in particular put into question their blind faith in the levelling power of financial markets, which they describe as giving a fair chance to every individual, thereby "making power redundant." It may also seem overly alarmist to worry about the future of free markets at a time when formerly state-controlled economies have made great strides toward a market-based system. But Rajan and Zingales are right to remind us that free markets depend on political goodwill for their existence and that, because they have powerful political enemies but no natural constituency, their continued survival cannot be taken for granted.