In this post I’ve borrowed some info from wikipedia plus I’ve added my own content.
Pump and dump (P&D) is a form of securities fraud that involves artificially inflating the price of an owned stock through false and misleading positive statements, in order to sell the cheaply purchased stock at a higher price. Once the operators of the scheme "dump" (sell) their overvalued shares, the price falls and investors lose their money. This is most common with small/Micro/nano cap and cryptocurrencies.
While fraudsters in the past relied on cold calls, the Internet now offers a cheaper and easier way of reaching large numbers of potential investors through spam email, investment research websites and social media sites such as Twitter, Facebook (Meta Platforms), Reddit, Telegram etc.
Pump and dump schemes may take place on the Internet using an email spam campaign, through media channels via a fake press release, or through telemarketing from "boiler room" brokerage houses (such as that dramatized in the 2000 film Boiler Room). Often the stock promoter will claim to have "inside" information about impending news. Newsletters may purport to offer unbiased recommendations, then tout a company as a "hot" stock, for their own benefit. Promoters may also post messages in online chat groups or internet forums, urging readers to buy the stock quickly.
If a promoter's campaign to "pump" a stock is successful, it will entice unwitting investors to purchase shares of the target company. The increased demand, increased price and trading volume of the stock may convince more people to believe the hype, and to buy shares as well. When the promoters behind the scheme sell (dump) their shares and stop promoting the stock, the price plummets, and other investors are left holding a stock that is worth significantly less than what they paid for it. They can become bagholders if they don't otherwise sell for a loss.
Fraudsters frequently use this ploy with small, thinly traded companies—known as "penny stocks", generally traded over-the-counter (in the United States, this would mean markets such as the OTC Bulletin Board or the Pink Sheets), rather than markets such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or NASDAQ—because it is easier to manipulate a stock when there is little or no independent information available about the company. The same principle applies in the United Kingdom, where target companies are typically small companies on the AIM or OFEX.
Pump and Dumpers are organized and operate similar to professional traders in as much as they are systematic, they target particular stocks, these being;
1 Most often the target company of P&D are horrible crappy worthless stocks which you shouldn’t touch with a barge pole.
2 Low number of shares on issue.
3 Low share price penny stocks.
4 Low Liquidity, low turnover, been trading in the doldrums.
5 Often will use an obscure news event or company announcement to trigger the P&D.
5 Broadcast over social media.
6 Front run the call.
7 Exaggerate the company outlook.
8 Use stock themes which are currently running hot, Lithium, Gold, Crypto, Rare Earths, Hydrogen, Green Energy, etc
9 The promoters bail out of their position after a healthy profit.
10 P&D can be over several days or even weeks, it does not necessarily be a one off intraday event.
11 P&D is illegal but promoters flout the law often blatantly.
12 New IPO’s are also susceptible to P&D events.
One other notable observation I’ve made, on days the market is in a correction, usually on lower turnover days, these are days the shit stocks seem to shine. Often on the worst trading days the worst stocks will move up. So don’t be suckered into believing these stocks have some merit because they are rising when the market is weak. It’s a con!
The term “Meme Stocks”, is a type P&D event where you get Youtube type celebrities promoting companies.
The directors of small cap penny stocks themselves can be involved in stock promotion of their shit shares.
Penny Stock directors are not known for their professionalism, from my experience many penny stock directors are shady and run a backyard outfit.
These directors can exaggerate or market their stocks to enhance the share price.
Penny stocks are highly vulnerable to manipulation from all directions, it’s a minefield, don’t become shark fodder.
Penny stocks also suffer from lack of detailed news, they are not covered by the majority of brokerage houses or funds, most often institutions won’t touch them, there will be a large lack of research into their comings and goings.
There will be hardly any fundamental information, no earnings, no P/E ratios, no dividends, only 3 directors on the board, operating from an old house in a quiet suburb which has been converted to an office, this sort of nonsense being typical.