If you are accurately tracking order flow on listed and unlisted underlying instruments, as well as on the derivatives exchange, then you can combine the data and have an informational advantage.
The liquidity providers need to create aggregate trade flow models that can predict prices.
Then you can 'front run' liquidity providers that are just nanoseconds/microseconds behind in accurately predicting the immediate price of underlying and derivatives.
I suspect "front running" is possible only because the exchanges allow HFTs to cut to the front of the queue (eg. pro-rata rather than FIFO). I've often experienced this myself with limit orders. I would enter a limit order well in advance, often as much as 30 minutes ahead. If HFTs think a nano-second makes all the difference in their trading, then wouldn't you say 30 minutes are like an eternity? So it would be reasonable to say, if and when the price is hit, I should be the first in line to get filled. But I find my orders get filled more closer to the back of the line, usually just before the price is lifted. How do you explain that?