First, Keep asking questions Philo. There are no dumb questions. Find smart people and start bugging them. That has been very important for my growth.
Second play around with an option pricer.
https://www.cboe.com/framed/IVolframed.aspx?content=https://cboe.ivolatility.com/calc/index.j?contract=77929827-AE96-4F35-B67F-8B2012F0A35E§ionName=SEC_TRADING_TOOLS&title=CBOE - IVolatility Services
With that said, your original question covers way too much. Start with something specific and work your way up.
I'll try and give you a little insight on the basics (all that I know) of vol. For more information, start bugging
@destriero, he is very open and will give you one month of research just from asking one question.
In regards to vol. Don't even think about it as volatility. Think about it as the option price. How is this option priced? Once you graduate from that, think about, how is this option priced vs other options in the chain? You will find that the easy way to compare everything is through a volatility number.
The VIX is very similar to SPX IV. It's a little more complicated and is probably not a great place to start.
IMO start with a single option. Answer these questions:
What is the Implied Volatility of this option?
What affects the price of this option the most?
Why might this be the Implied Volatility?
Can I price this option better? Why?