This may be the time to point out again that numerous candidates have been removed from the ballot by state courts and/or state officials using the 14th Amendment Article 3 since the post-Reconstruction period (later than 1900). Most of these candidates were removed for being socialists or communists. Not a single one of them was convicted in a criminal trial. There is no requirement that a candidate be convicted in a criminal trial (or found responsible in a civil trial) for them to be removed from the ballot or office as per the 14th Amendment Article 3. This principle has already been established in all the previous legal action.