Few points:
- triangle arb is a "hard" arb. This means that it is truly risk free (provided one can get exposure while the mispricing persists). To get exposure, one needs to be very very fast. In my experience my best guess is the fastest players are shooting orders in single digit micros (maybe sub 1 micro). Milliseconds are an eternity compared to these times.
- a soft arb is something akin to stat arb or pairs trading. These relationships are less stable and statistically risk free. If the correlation blows out you can lose money. These tend to be less latency sensitive and have lower alpha (due to higher variance)
- cointegration and correlation exists on many time scales. However, the trade off tends to be variance as time increases. If you are interested in trading longer term stat arbs, transaction costs and modeling/cash management are key. I think equities have the most robust set to look for these relationships. Many also have options to create synthetics that have better leverage properties.