Don't conflate me with caveman, please. I worked for the government for 20 years, of course I understand the need for taxation!
The rough "sides" on this are do you relatively lower taxes on the rich which will grow the economy more than the loss of revenue, leading to net increase in tax receipts. Or do you relatively raise taxes on the rich because the poor contribute more of the money they saved not paying taxes to growing the economy. Both sides are dogmatic and like everything in life the answer is more nuanced and open to debate.
My personal view as an entrepreneur is that you have to be careful when you decide what "rich" to tax. I own a company which makes me one of the "rich". However the vast majority of my wealth is tied up in that company and I put nearly 100% of the profits of the company back into it. I drive a 15 year old car with 150,000 miles on it, not a lot of fat to trim there. So arbitrarily taxing me more because I'm "rich" simply means I'll employ fewer people and my company will be less productive, the money has to come from somewhere and that's the only place someone like me has extra money. This is my second company, I started it immediately after a successful exit of the first. Again, taxing me at more significantly that point means I may not have even been able to start my current company, so probably not what you want. When I cash out at 65 and am sitting on the beach sipping mai tais with all that wealth in a bank account, by all means I'm a "rich" person who your logic applies very well to. Present situation, not so clearly the case. Much of the wealth of "rich" people in the U.S. is tied up in a manner similar to my own, so you have to be careful about broad generalities and unintended consequences.
I actually think the current tax system by and large does a very good job of incentivizing economic growth. If it were up to me I'd eliminate the requirement to depreciate, which disincentivizes investment in equipment, and pay for that with reduction in interest deductions which encourage financial engineering, that's about all. (Nothing wrong with financial engineering, pretty good at it actually, but don't feel it contributes much to the real economy.) Otherwise we're doing just fine. The national debt as a ratio to GDP has no impact at all on my business or any other at current levels. In fact much of it was incurred building the infrastructure, rule of law, and educated workforce that allow me to be successful, so I'd be pissed if my parents had scrimped 40 years ago to somehow "protect" me from that debt and I was left with low debt and commisurate lack of the things that debt bought. Could have done without a couple wars of course, but all in all our economy is on a pretty good run since about 1945.