The Proposed Iranian Oil Bourse

Quote from 2cents:

jimmy, you are just digging a bigger hole for yourself, and impressive amounts of smokey blather just won't do... you are the one who linked public debt / gdp ratio to hyperinflation, weimar had nothing to do with that you haven't even begun to address any of my objections... but thats how it is with intellectual frauds, loads of posturing, no substance... not really a surprise :cool:

I had thought that Germany's Weimar Republic was saddled with enormous public debts, as result of the Treaty of Versailles, requiring Germany to pay humiliating and unmanageable war reparations to its enemies who defeated Germany in World War I. I had thought that this crippling financial burden at least helped push Weimar Germany into its hyperinflationary trap. If this is incorrect, then I would be most grateful if you would utilize your superior intellect to educate me.

I think, contrary to your assertions, that I have addressed your objections, and that you fail to recognize this because you aren't sufficiently interested to achieve comprehension of what I wrote.

I'm really quite surprised to see you call me an intellectual fraud. I can't imagine why you would make such a comment. I do not understand the source of your unending hostility, toward me, in this thread. Perhaps this is how you respond to people who challenge or your assertion of intellectual superiority.
 
I would like to clarify my earlier comments about how a dollar panic might be triggered. I don't think it is realistic to suppose that non-governmental, private actors would have access to sufficient risk capital to threaten the dollar. I think a private consortium could seek to trigger a dollar panic, not through trading, but through terrorism and propaganda. I think that it is more important to keep in mind that financial history shows that conspirators and other malefactors are not what trigger financial panics. History shows that once the conditions establish themselves, where a triggering event can cause a financial panic, it is inevitable that such a triggering event will occur. If a forest bakes in a long summer drought, so that the timber is ripe for a wildfire, then it is inevitable that some lightning strike will start the fire. The tough question, I think, is always whether the conditions for a financial panic are established. Once they are established, then it is only a matter of time before some triggering event comes along to set the panic in motion.

I'm not an intellectual giant, like 2cents, so I do not have an opinion as to whether conditions for a dollar panic have been established, and are currently awaiting a triggering event, or if those conditions will become established in the future. The opinion of 2cents seems to be that there is no possibility of such occurring. I hope that when 2cents resumes insulting me, he will at least acknowledge that I do not have an opinion as to what will happen to the dollar. I am happy to admit that I do not know.

I will also note that 2cents has linked to a document written by Lyndon LaRouche. I definitely do not agree with the statements made by LaRouche in that linked article, or elsewhere.
 
Quote from BrandNewTrader:

The ones who try to make real social progress are... where are they?
try 'central bankers'... they are the ones who are fighting inflation (and perception / anticipation thereof) by any means available to them, the inflation that governants & politicians so desire, because it inflicts the kind of ills you just described and allows them to get away with the perpetual free lunch... central bankers again who are there when the delirious speculative internet bubble collapses, Enron/Worldcom implode etc and in the wake of 9/11 the prospect of a global recession / depression rears its ugly head... would you want their job?
 
Quote from jimrockford:

I had thought that Germany's Weimar Republic was saddled with enormous public debts, as result of the Treaty of Versailles, requiring Germany to pay humiliating and unmanageable war reparations to its enemies who defeated Germany in World War I. I had thought that this crippling financial burden at least helped push Weimar Germany into its hyperinflationary trap.
and exactly how is this of any relevance to your suggestion that public debt / gdp ratio leads to hyperinflation jimmy, and to your claim that 'we have seen the beginnings of hyperinflation'? all i am saying is that you are talking thru your ass matey, and the only one who is making pompous claims of intellectual superiority etc here all along this thread is you... you're the only one who is preoccupied by notions of superiority, and by being 'right', at all costs, even on stuff you obviously know very little about.... except you have nothing to show... what does 'good faith' mean to you jimmy? just another 'game theory' concept i guess...
 
Quote from 2cents:

and exactly how is this of any relevance to your suggestion that public debt / gdp ratio leads to hyperinflation jimmy, and to your claim that 'we have seen the beginnings of hyperinflation'? all i am saying is that you are talking thru your ass matey, and the only one who is making pompous claims of intellectual superiority etc here all along this thread is you... you're the only one who is preoccupied by notions of superiority, and by being 'right', at all costs, even on stuff you obviously know very little about.... except you have nothing to show... what does 'good faith' mean to you jimmy? just another 'game theory' concept i guess...

2cents,

You have, throughout this thread, continually insulted me and proclaimed your intellectual superiority. I subjected your ridiculous claim to the ridicule it deserves, with the result that you are now backing away from your claim of superiority. I also replied that I would prefer to discuss the underlying question of the dollar's fate, rather than argue over who is superior. Yet you have continued to insult me, and you now assert that I am an "intellectual fraud". (I wonder, is it better or worse to be an "intellectual fraud", as opposed to just a plain vanilla, run-of-the-mill "fraud"?)

Let me address another example of your inability to comprehend viewpoints different from your own. I never said that all public debt causes hyperinflation; I said that an excessive ratio of public debt to gdp can help cause hyperinflation.

You wrote, in this thread, that hyperinflation is impossible, because:
hyperinflation: there is not even the beginning of the start of anything more than tepid above-desired-historical-average inflation right now... i mean we could talk about when the arcturians attack as i said but whats the point really??
I thought this was a rather circular argument, that future hyperinflation is impossible, because it hasn't started yet. I then countered that excessive uncontrolled expansion of the public debt, as a percentage of gdp, is a first step toward hyperinflation, but my use of your terminology, regarding the "beginning" of hyperinflation, was a mistake on my part, which has contributed to your inability to understand my viewpoint. I should have called it a first step toward hyperinflation, rather than a beginning of hyperinflation; this would have better expressed the meaning I intended, in seeking to counter your circular argument.

Keep in mind that one can never really draw the line between the end of normal inflation and the beginning of hyperinflation. Is not a rise in inflation the beginning of hyperinflation? The transition from inflation to hyperinflation is a perfect example of the idea of a "slippery slope". I think it conceivable that the extremely rapid appreciation of real estate values, in the U.S. and in many other countries, is a symptom of too many U.S. dollars and public and private dollar-denominated debt instruments, keeping the world awash in so much easy money, that the result may have been either a real estate bubble which will burst, or the leading edge of the first wave of the coming hyperinflation, or both, or neither.

You ask how is Germany's Weimar Republic hyperinflation relevant to our discussion of whether the dollar might hyperinflate. I am surprised by this question. The answer seems so obvious to me. "Those who cannot learn from history are doomed to repeat it", we were told, by the late philosopher George Santayana. I suppose your disinterest in the historical dimensions of our discussion exemplifies what we were told by the late playright George Bernard Shaw: "We learn from history that we learn nothing from history."

I have asked you to explain why you believe that the public debt imposed upon Weimar Germany, by the Treaty of Versailles, had nothing to do with Germany's hyperinflation between the two world wars. Isn't it rather straightforward? Wouldn't you say that the excessive public debt pressured Weimar Germany to print too much money, in an effort to capture revenue by inflating its own currency; but that once control was lost, it could not be regained, and so Weimar hyperinflated its currency into worthlessness. Please, oh, please, 2cents, I beg you to bring your self-proclaimed, superior intellect to bear on this great riddle of history, which I am sure puzzles all the greatest minds in finance: Why does 2cents believe the Weimar hyperinflation experience irrelevant to a discussion of whether the dollar might possibly hyperinflate in the future?

I guess one of the advantages of a superior intellect, like yours, 2cents, is that you can afford to ignore history, and yet somehow manage to be right about the future. I guess this sets you well above lazy frauds like myself, who must examine history in an effort to understand the present and the future.

Your comments that I try to be right at all costs are utter nonsense. My primary position, throughout this thread, has been that I do not know the answer. How can I try to be right at all costs, if I admit that I do not know the answer?

My secondary position, throughout this thread, has been that you also do not know the answer. I have repeatedly stated that your answer, that dollar hyperinflation, panic, or collapse, will never happen, might be correct; and I have only questioned the reasoning process by which you arrived at that conclusion, and I think I have done a good job of raising doubts about your claim that you have everything all figured out.

Your most recent post says "all i am saying is that you are talking thru your ass matey". If this is all you are saying, does it mean that you are backing away from your claim that you have the dollar's future all figured out? Does this mean you are backing away from your claim that dollar hyperinflation, panic, and collapse are impossible? If you are backing away from these various claims, then I would say I have accomplished something of value in this thread. Are you backing away?

I also fail to grasp your continued, increasingly shrill accusations of "fraud" and lack of "good faith" on my part. I don't understand what, specifically, you think I am lying about, other than your contention that I am trying to look smarter than I really am. I think that my ridicule forced you to back away from your ridiculous claim of intellectual superiority, so that now, you must find some other way to demonstrate your superiority, without explicitly proclaiming yourself superior to the masses. This is why you are vaguely accusing me of fraud. You need to denigrate me, to make me inferior to the masses, to punish me for interfering with your efforts to feel superior to the masses. If I won't let you feel superior to everybody, you can at least try to take me down a notch, so that you can at least feel superior to me.

If you have any consideration for the other people reading this thread, you will stop harping on questions of intellectual superiority and intellectual fraud, and try to focus on the discussion topic. I'm sure everyone is dying to see your own historical analysis of the question, or your own game-theoretic analysis of the question, or really anything that focuses on the topic, instead of your ridiculous proclamations of superiority, and your equally ridiculous accusations of fraud.
 
thats just more words jimmy, except the only claim i made since page 8 of this thread, and i stand by it, is that you are a DISINGENUOUS INTELLECTUAL FRAUD and it won't take a very careful reader to crosscheck that you are simply attempting here in this long desperate post to reverse my questions about your farty assertions (and in the process, fabricate claims i haven't made), questions that you haven't even begun to answer, simply because you can't, without contradicting yourself... and that's simply too much for your pride...

how warped and pathetic of you to attempt to conceal a grudging acknowledgement such as the below, after being so pompously assertive, within a 1,000 words of blather really??

Quote from jimrockford:


You wrote, in this thread, that hyperinflation is impossible, because:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
hyperinflation: there is not even the beginning of the start of anything more than tepid above-desired-historical-average inflation right now... i mean we could talk about when the arcturians attack as i said but whats the point really??
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I thought this was a rather circular argument, that future hyperinflation is impossible, because it hasn't started yet. I then countered that excessive uncontrolled expansion of the public debt, as a percentage of gdp, is a first step toward hyperinflation, but my use of your terminology, regarding the "beginning" of hyperinflation, was a mistake on my part, which has contributed to your inability to understand my viewpoint. I should have called it a first step toward hyperinflation, rather than a beginning of hyperinflation; this would have better expressed the meaning I intended, in seeking to counter your circular argument.

it IS actually out of consideration for the other readers that i am exposing your devious manners jimmy... not surprised that you shouldn't be too happy about that matey :-;

now re the initial subject matter, i have also offered some alternative opinions if you care to read... feel free to re-phrase them as well if you must, the more you do it, the more you discredit yourself...
 
Quote from 2cents:

thats just more words jimmy, except the only claim i made since page 8 of this thread, and i stand by it, is that you are a DISINGENUOUS INTELLECTUAL FRAUD and it won't take a very careful reader to crosscheck that you are simply attempting here in this long desperate post to reverse my questions about your farty assertions (and in the process, fabricate claims i haven't made), questions that you haven't even begun to answer, simply because you can't, without contradicting yourself... and that's simply too much for your pride...

how pathetic of you to attempt to conceal a grudging acknowledgement such as the below, after being so pompously assertive, within a 1,000 words of blather really??



it IS actually out of consideration for the other readers that i am exposing your devious manners jimmy... not surprised that you shouldn't be too happy about that matey :-;

now re the initial subject matter, i have also offered some alternative opinions if you care to read... feel free to re-phrase them if you must, the more you do it, the more you discredit yourself...

2cents,

you have "exposed" nothing. Your accusations against me are poppycock. I'm disappointed to see you continually pulling this discussion down to such a low level, but I'm not, as you suggested, allowing your false accusations and other childishness to bother me more than a trifle.

Let's try to get back on the topic. You posted that the Weimar Germany hyperinflation has no relevance to the question of whether excessive public debt can help cause hyperinflation. Let me suggest that you perform a simple google search, simultaneously using the terms Weimar, hyperinflation, and reparations. If you do, you will find many links supporting my view, and I dare say you might not find any to the contrary. My view, again, is that Weimar Germany's excessive public debt pressured it to hyperinflate its currency into collapse. Can we agree that I was correct on these historical facts? Can we agree that these historical facts are relevant to our discussion?

Here is an historical summary from the BBC, at http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/16/sosteacher/history/49231.shtml:
Question:-

could you explain to me about the causes for the hyperinflationary crisis in Wiemar Germany? I would really, really,really appreciate it if u can get me an answer by 2002/10/19 (saturday) thanks.

Answer:-

This answer is posted on behalf of Charles Palmer

The two main causes of the hyperinflationary crisis in Weimar Germany in 1923 were the economic effects of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles on a war-ravaged economy and the Franco-Belgian invasion of the Ruhr to enforce the terms.

When the armistice, which ended the First World War, was signed on the 11th November 1918, Germany was exhausted both economically and militarily. The British blockade of German ports had led to starvation amongst the civilian population. The Germans hoped for a moderate treaty based on President Wilson’s 21 points, instead they got one dominated by France’s desire for revenge and determination to keep Germany weak.

Not only did Germany lose 13% of its territory and 6 million of its subjects but also 48% of its iron and 16% of its coal production. In addition it had to agree to the War Guilt clause, which opened it up to claims for reparations for war damage. In 1921 the Reparations Committee decided that Germany must pay £6,600 million over 42 years.

The demand for reparation payments was made to a country in crisis. The Weimar government was struggling for survival in the face of attempted coups by the Communists and the Freikorps. Germany’s reduced economic base meant that it was unable, and indeed unwilling, to maintain payments. Although a small payment was made in 1922 there was none in 1923. From 1921 the value of the mark began to fall. A loaf of bread priced at 0.6 marks in 1918 cost 250 marks by January 1923.

In January 1923 French and Belgian forces entered the Ruhr. They had been sent there to supervise the transportation of Germany’s mineral resources back to their own countries. The German army of 100,000 men could not stop the invasion but German workers resisted by going on strike.

It was the Weimar government’s decision to back the workers and give them strike pay that finally precipitated the hyperinflationary crisis. Remember that these workers were no longer producing coal and iron ore. The government simply printed money to cover its debts and so people lost confidence in the currency. By September 1923 the price of a loaf of bread was1.5 million marks and by November, when Adolf Hitler staged his attempted coup in Munich, it had risen to 201 million marks.

The hyperinflationary crisis destroyed the savings millions of German people and impoverished those on fixed incomes. It created a strand of bitterness that Adolf Hitler was able to exploit on the road to dictatorship in the early 1930’s.

The category of this answer is AS/A2; History; European/World History; Imperial and Weimar Germany

You, 2cents, posted the following:
Quote from 2cents:

jimmy, you are just digging a bigger hole for yourself, and impressive amounts of smokey blather just won't do... you are the one who linked public debt / gdp ratio to hyperinflation, weimar had nothing to do with that you haven't even begun to address any of my objections... but thats how it is with intellectual frauds, loads of posturing, no substance... not really a surprise :cool:

Are you now willing to back away from your comments that the Weimar hyperinflation had nothing to do with its ratio of public debt to gdp?
 
Here is some more, 2cents, from http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node=Hyperinflation in Weimar Germany, which I hope will persuade you to back away from your comments that Weimar hyperinflation had nothing to do with its public debt:

Hyperinflation in Weimar Germany
(idea) by Augusta (2.9 mon) (print) ? 6 C!s Mon Mar 18 2002 at 9:23:15

Hyperinflation: The Monster Your Kids See Under The Bed

Berlin, August 11, 1922: One of the comedy-tragedy episodes of the visit of the Committee of Guarantees to Berlin was the payment by the German Government of their railway expenses, including their special car, which waited here six weeks. This was done in 20-mark notes, and it required seven office boys with huge waste-paper-baskets full of these notes to carry the full sum from the office down to the railway station . . . .

-- Lord D'Albernon, 'An Ambassador of Peace'

When the value of a currency decreases extremely rapidly, it is called hyperinflation.

During and after World War I, Germans discovered that poverty doesn't end when poor people have handfuls of money stashed under the bed. Inflation takes care of that.

It all began at the dawn of World War I with the German Government's management of the war chest. The Reichsbank, the Central Bank of Germany, was allowed to "suspend the rights of an individual to convert banknotes to gold, and ... use government and commercial paper as part of the reserves it was required to hold against newly issued notes." (usagold.com). This was, in effect, spitting in the eye of the gold standard. This is important. It means that when the mark falters, the Government has nothing to support it with.

At the conclusion of World War I, Germany slid into an era of turmoil. The German economy was in tatters after years of warfare and economic sanctions. When war broke out in 1914, the German mark was valued at US$1 to 4 marks. By the end of the war, the ratio was US 1:18 marks and sliding. For those with a less economic bent, let us use the Loaf of Bread Index, where at the current time, one loaf of bread was worth 0.63 German marks:

1918
Loaf of Bread Index: 0.63 marks.

The Weimar Government was conceived in 1918, and the Allies forced it to to concede to the crippling Treaty of Versailles. Among the clauses of the treaty was a demand for reparations to the victors; Britain and France wanted to rebuild their nations and needed to repay their loans to the USA. The total figure was not determined at the time that the Weimar Government was forced to sign the treaty; instead, a committee was created to determine the amount.

January 1921
Loaf of Bread Index: 10 marks.

The reparations figure arrived in May 1921: £6,600,000,000 or 132,000,000,000* German marks. Germany was to pay reparations until 1987. For awhile there, it looked as though she was going to make it. In 1921, Germany almost managed to pay her entire first installment of £2 billion. Almost; and for a time, that was enough.

January 1922
Loaf of Bread Index: 163 marks.

Afraid of a backlash at the polling booth, taxes were never raised, and never exceeded 35% of expenditure. But spending was never cut, because reducing services would anger the voters. So the Government's income remained at the bare necessary minimum. There wasn't a mark to spare.

February 1922
Loaf of Bread Index: 250 marks.

Consumers began to realise that something was amiss and tried to withdraw their banknotes as gold, only to realise that they weren't allowed. Everything that had hitherto happened continued to happen, only a lot more prominently.

July 1922
Loaf of Bread Index: 3,465 marks.

By December 1922, Germany could not afford the crippling reparations repayments; she was due to pay coal and timber to France that she simply didn't have. When you default on a car payment, you risk getting your car repossessed; when you default on a reparations payment, your country gets repossessed. France, supported by Belgium and Italy, used Germany's non-compliance as an excuse to occupy the German territory of the Ruhr.

The Ruhr, to the west of the Rhine, was Germany's industrial centre. Metal factories (mainly iron and steel), coal mines and railways were all maintained in the area. When France occupied the Ruhr, Germany lost its ability to manufacture anything: its factories came under French control. Without factories, Germany lost its primary source of trade and income. Residents of the Rhine were forced out of their homes or imprisoned. Thousands of workers became unemployed and homeless.

Meanwhile, the mark slid to $US1 to 8,000 marks.

Germany reacted to the occupation of the Ruhr with indignation, and called for passive resistance against France. Workers in the industrial area immediately went on strike. France and Belgium responded by cutting economic ties with Germany. Several economic superpowers realised that Germany could not afford to repay its debts. Foreign loans were called in and foreign investments were cancelled.

What was the Treasury doing? The German Treasury attempted to combat the crisis by maintaining four minting presses that operated twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. (Kids, don't try this at home.) As the amount of money in circulation increased, the value decreased. Rapidly.

The height to which prices have climbed may be shown by the fact that as of February 15 1923, wholesale prices have risen on average 5967 times the peacetime level, those of foodstuffs to 4902 times, and those for industrial products 7958 times.

-- Franz Bumm of the Reich Department of Health, quoted in F. K. Ringer, 'The German Inflation of 1923'

September 1923
Loaf of Bread Index: 1,500,000 marks.

The value of the mark plummeted. When single mark notes became worthless, the Treasury minted 200 mark coins, then 1,000 cloth notes, then 20,000 mark bonds, and these became worthless too. "By the end of the 1923 hyperinflation," said historian Jonathan Tennenbaum, "the total nominal national debt of Weimar Germany was worth the equivalent of a few pennies or less." Got any spare change? I just need to fix the national debt.

November 1923
Loaf of Bread Index: 200,000,000,000 marks.

At November 1923, the height of the crisis, one American dollar was worth roughly 4,200,000,000,000* marks.

The horror stories about this hyperinflationary period are true. Menus in restaurants bore no prices because the currency fluctuated so rapidly that a meal could triple in value between ordering it and and paying for it. Paper currency was used to keep fires because the bulk of the currency was greater than the wood that it bought. If our sense of the culinary was higher at the time, we might have made pesto out of it.

May I give you some recollections of my own situation at that time? As soon as I received my salary I rushed out to buy the daily necessitities. My salary . . . was just enough to buy one loaf of bread and a small piece of cheese or oatmeal. On one occasion I had to refuse to give a lecture at a Berlin city college because I could not be assured that the fee would cover the subway fare to the classroom, and it was too far to walk. On another occasion, a private lesson I gave to the wife of a farmer was somewhat better paid - by one loaf of bread for the hour.

An acquaintance of mine, a clergyman, came to Berlin from a suburb with his monthly salary to buy a pair of shoes for his baby; he could only buy a cup of coffee.

-- Dr Frieda Wunderlick, in G. Bry, Wages in Germany 1871 - 1945

Fixing Hyperinflation; or How I Stopped Worrying...

Gustav Stresemann, a man of vision and great intelligence, repaired Germany's problems in 1924. Stresemann became the Chancellor of Germany in 1924. He began by sending the workers of the Ruhr back to work in order to kick-start industrial production. He re-evaluated the German currency by abolishing the mark and introducing a new currency known as the Rentenmark; one Rentenmark was worth 1,000,000,000,000* marks. He stopped mass currency production and encouraged foreign investment.

Stresemann also helped to develop the Treaty of Locarno, the Young Plan and the Dawes Plan; together, these plans reduced Germany's reparations debt and reduced the pressure placed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles. He also successfully campaigned to bring Germany into the League of Nations.

Stresemann's strong leadership and clear-headed economic thinking led Germany into a brief but shining golden era that lasted until his death in October 1929, the same month that the Great Depression began. (Coincidence? I think not.)

1924
Loaf of Bread Index: 0.5 Rentenmarks.

* Due to the differences between the European and North American definitions of billion and trillion, I have quote large numbers in terms of 000's. Names for large numbers have never been so much fun!
 
Here is some more, 2cents, from http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/hyperinf.htm, which I hope will persuade you to back away from your assertion that public debt had nothing to do with the Weimar hyperinflation:

Weimar Germany, the invasion of the Ruhr and hyperinflation



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Weimar Germany had greeted with total horror the financial punishment of Versailles. If Germany had paid off the sum of £6,600,000,000, she would have remained in debt to the Allies until 1987 !! However, by signing the Treaty of Versailles, she had agreed in principle to the issue of reparations and in 1921, Germany just about managed to pay its first installment of 2 billion gold marks. Weimar Germany was allowed to pay in kind (actual materials) as opposed to just cash. Most of this 2 billion was paid in coal, iron and wood.

In 1922, Weimar Germany simply could not manage to pay another installment. This the Allies did not believe - especially France where anger towards Germany still ran deep - and the German government was accused of trying to get out of her reparations responsibilities. This apparent refusal was only four years after the end of the war, and the attitude of the public towards Germany was still very hostile - and not just in France.

In 1922, French and Belgium troops invaded the Ruhr; Germany’s most valuable industrial area. The French and Belgium troops took over the iron and steel factories, coal mines and railways. Those Germans who lived in the Ruhr and were considered not to be co-operating with the Germans were imprisoned. Food was taken. That this action by the French and Belgium broke the rules of the League of Nations - which both belonged to - was ignored by both countries. France was considered one of the League's most powerful members and here she was violating its own code of conduct.

Weimar’s government responded by ordering the workers in the Ruhr to go on strike and it ordered all people in the Ruhr to passively resist the French and Belgium soldiers. This meant that they were not to openly confront the French and Belgium soldiers, simply that they were not to help them in any way whatsoever. This lead to violence and over the next 8 months of the occupation, 132 people were killed and over 150,000 Ruhr Germans expelled from their homes.

The order for workers to go on a general strike may have been patriotic but it had disastrous consequences for Germany as a whole. The Ruhr was Germany’s richest economic area and produced a great deal of wealth for the country as a whole. The huge Krupps steelworks was there. By not producing any goods whatsoever, Germany’s economy started to suffer. The striking workers had to be paid and the people expelled from their homes had to be looked after. To do this, the government did the worst thing possible - it printed money to cover the cost. This signalled to the outside world that Germany did not have enough money to pay for her day-to-day needs and whatever money may have been invested in Germany was removed by foreign investors.

Such a drop in confidence also caused a crisis in Weimar Germany itself when prices started to rise to match inflation. Very quickly, things got out of control and what is known as hyperinflation set in. Prices went up quicker than people could spend their money.

In 1922, a loaf of bread cost 163 marks.

By September 1923, this figure had reached 1,500,000 marks and at the peak of hyperinflation, November 1923, a loaf of bread cost 200,000,000,000 marks.

The impact of hyperinflation was huge :

* People were paid by the hour and rushed to pass money to loved ones so that it could be spent before its value meant it was worthless.
* People had to shop with wheel barrows full of money
* Bartering became common - exchanging something for something else but not accepting money for it. Bartering had been common in Medieval times!
* Pensioners on fixed incomes suffered as pensions became worthless.
* Restaurants did not print menus as by the time food arrive…the price had gone up!
* The poor became even poorer and the winter of 1923 meant that many lived in freezing conditions burning furniture to get some heat.
* The very rich suffered least because they had sufficient contacts to get food etc. Most of the very rich were land owners and could produce food on their own estates.
* The group that suffered a great deal - proportional to their income - was the middle class. Their hard earned savings disappeared overnight. They did not have the wealth or land to fall back on as the rich had. Many middle class families had to sell family heirlooms to survive. It is not surprising that many of those middle class who suffered in 1923, were to turn to Hitler and the Nazi Party.

Hyperinflation proved to many that the old mark was of no use. Germany needed a new currency. In September 1923, Germany had a new chancellor, the very able Gustav Stresemann. He immediately called off passive resistance and ordered the workers in the Ruhr to go back to work. He knew that this was the only common sense approach to a crisis. The mark was replaced with the Rentenmark which was backed with American gold. In 1924, the Dawes Plan was announced. This plan, created by Charles Dawes, an American, set realistic targets for German reparation payments. For example, in 1924, the figure was set at £50 million as opposed to the £2 billion of 1922. The American government also loaned Germany $200 million.

This one action stabilised Weimar Germany and over the next five years, 25 million gold marks was invested in Germany. The economy quickly got back to strength, new factories were built, employment returned and things appeared to be returning to normal. Stresemann gave Germany a sense of purpose and the problems associated with hyperinflation seemed to disappear.

1924 to 1929 is known as the Golden Age of Weimar. Berlin became the city to go to if you had money, the Nazis were a small, noisy but unimportant party. Above all, Stresemann gave Germany strong leadership.
 
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