These are some great points but I think you are mixing two different but related concepts. One is the current account surplus/deficit between countries, the other is differences in savings rate. Tied in with this is how the savings is invested: domestically (internally) or internationally (externally).
In generally it is very helpful for economies, over the long term (10-year periods or higher), to have high savings rates as this translates into higher investment, which in turn increases productivity faster. Eg, if you produce shoe factories instead of shoes, your standard of living (consumption) growth for a few years will be slower, but as the factories come online your consumption will actually increase and can overtake the fact that you are consuming less on a percentage basis.
These concepts are related in the sense that people or countries with higher savings rates will tend to have larger external surpluses. Thus, even if China eliminates every trade barrier, we will continue to see massive Chinese current account surpluses and corresponding current account deficits from the US unless the savings rates change. Currently China's net savings rate is around 50% of GDP compared to 10% in the US. This is the true source of trade deficits on the US side, and nothing, even a massive Chinese yuan appreciation, is going to change this unless China saves less and the US saves more (except possible a change in the mix of investment from external back to internal, which is unlikely given globalization). In fact, Paulson is aware of this, that is why the last few months he has gone from just talking about the exchange rate to increasingly speaking about the need for China to increase their consumption. Paulson understands these relationships, though he also (being in politics now) understands the more political needs relating to the exchange rate.
In my opinion, the US should slowly switch to a consumption tax that givs incentives to save and penalizes consumption, such as perhaps a retail sales tax. This would increase the US savings rate and go a long way towards reducing global imbalances and increasing the long term US standard of living growth rate.