Children in much of Europe will be going maskless at school this fall.
Anthony LaMesa
Aug 17·6 min read
From Iceland to Denmark and England to Switzerland, many European children — and their teachers — won’t be donning masks when they return to classrooms.
Despite
rising tensions over school mask mandates in the United States — with even the
head-of-state bizarrely intervening — the mask question is less controversial in much of Europe, a continent where many countries will have mask-free learning environments this fall.
Most students in the United Kingdom — the UK’s constituent nations determine education and health policy — and Ireland won’t be masking up next year.
In
Wales and
England, face masks won’t be required for any students this fall, although English students will be
encouraged to mask in crowded areas, such as buses. Secondary students in
Northern Irelandwill begin the year masking in classrooms, but the
rule will be reviewed and the education minister is
hopeful it will be lifted. Similarly, in Scotland, secondary students will
mask in their classrooms for about six weeks after school starts this week — so all staff have the opportunity to get fully vaccinated — but the education minister hopes the rule can be lifted “as soon as possible”:
She added: “Of course we would like to take these restrictions off as soon as possible. We think they might be in place for up to six weeks, that’s to ensure that all the staff within our schools have the opportunity to be fully doubly vaccinated.
“But if we can take those restrictions — particularly the face masks — off earlier then of course we would do that.”
In Ireland,
face masks are not recommended for children under 13. For schools, this means face masks are not required in Irish primary schools, but are required in secondary schools.
Iceland will
only require face masks for upper secondary students when moving about their schools (e.g. hallways), but not when seated in classrooms. Masks are
not required anywhere in Iceland for children born in 2006 and later.
Norway has
never recommended face masks at any level of schooling. Indeed, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health
explicitly advises against masking primary school-aged children.
In Sweden, where masks are
no longer even recommended on public transit at rush hour, masks have
never been recommended or required in the country’s schools, either primary or secondary. They will not be recommended when schools open this month.
Across the Øresund Bridge in Denmark, the situation is similar. Denmark has
lifted its requirement to wear a face mask while standing on public transit and masks are no longer required in any public settings apart from airports and international flights. Denmark’s
school reopening guidance doesn’t mention masks and the priority is as much normalcy as possible, given the country’s
high vaccination rate:
“We would very much like to help get schooling back to normal as it was before the coronavirus epidemic,” said Andreas Rudkjøbing, a doctor at the authority in a press release announcing the new guidelines. “Therefore, our priority is to ensure that the schools remain open as far as possible.”
In Finland, masks are recommended for
the oldest primary and secondary students in the Uusimaa (Helsinki) region, but not recommended for younger students. Mask guidance varies throughout the country’s regions, but mostly takes the form of recommendations based on trusting the public.
The Netherlands
recently announced masks won’t be necessary for primary students or teachers this year and will only be required for secondary students and teachers when they are actively moving around their schools (e.g. hallways). The secondary mask requirement could potentially be dropped when coronavirus regulations are
reviewed in late September.
In the heart of Europe, Switzerland will
no longer require masks for secondary students this fall, although individual cantons can still require them. Both the German- and French-speaking teachers’ unions are focused on maintaining good ventilation — with carbon dioxide monitors — and widespread testing:
“Cantons that already implemented regular Corona tests in schools, such as Graubünden, found them a successful measure. It is up to each canton to decide if they want to implement regular corona tests in schools [in the new term],” Beat A. Schwendimann, board member of the LCH, told swissinfo.ch in email comments.
Next door to Switzerland, Austria will
require face masks for the first 14 days of the school year, but students will be able to remove their masks once seated in classrooms. After the initial period of masking, extension of the requirement will depend on local infection rates.
While teachers and students must be masked at both the primary and secondary levels in large European countries like
Spain,
France,and
Italy, children under 6 won’t have to mask in nursery schools and child care settings. Unlike the
U.S. CDC, the
ECDC does not recommend masking children under 6, which is consistent with
WHO guidance on child masking.
Why are European countries — both in and out of the European Union — masking their children less than the United States?
There are many potential factors at play and it’s only possible to speculate.
One reason may be that the ECDC does not recommend masking primary students at all. Education and health are member state competencies (i.e. not controlled by the EU), but ECDC’s guidance is still important.
Source:
Questions and answers on COVID-19: Children aged 1–18 years and the role of school settings
Another reason could be that
interpersonal trust is higher in most European countries than the United States. Because of this, parents and the policymakers representing them may feel less need to protect children from each other with masks. That said, interpersonal trust is even lower in the United Kingdom — where there’s minimal student masking — than the United States.
Comprehensive paid sick leave for all workers — including for dependent care — might play a role.
In the European Union and
United Kingdom, all workers are entitled to generous paid leave, which means it’s easier for parents to avoid sending sick kids to school. In Sweden, there was a
24% increase in parents taking paid leave to care for sick children in 2020 compared to 2019. If policymakers are more confident parents will be able to keep their sick children home from school, they may feel less of a need to mandate masks.
It is true that
larger shares of many
European populations are vaccinated than the populations of many
U.S. states, but some of the U.S. metro areas most committed to masking children — for example, the Bay Area and Seattle — have vaccination rates comparable to the Nordic countries. And
Florida (50.5% fully vaccinated) — reviled by the Biden administration for not mandating masks — is currently at about the same place as Switzerland (50.3% fully vaccinated).
Another reason for less masking in Europe than the U.S. may be that policymakers see other interventions as more important. For example, Finland treats ventilating — “airing” — classrooms as an
important job for students. In the Netherlands, unvaccinated secondary students and teachers are
requested to self-test two times a week. Meanwhile, Norway will
phase out quarantines and widely deploy rapid tests to keep schools safe and students learning.
It’s also important to note that Nordic countries have always
viewed face masks as supplementary to other measures, like physical distancing and staying home when sick. In contrast to Northern Europe, U.S. public health experts and politicians — even
many Republicans — seem to treat masks as
the most important intervention.
Where are children less likely to mask?
While the European countries discussed here have not banned school mask mandates,
like Texas and Florida have done, their policies are functionally equivalent, because education officials and school leaders are unlikely to flout national public health guidance. This means that, just like in Tallahassee and Amarillo, parents in Copenhagen and Amsterdam are free to mask their own children at school, but cannot count on other children being masked.
In a sense, one could argue that some European guidance is effectively even more anti-mask than the policies in some U.S. states, because national health guidance actively discourages masking young children in countries like Sweden, Norway and Ireland. And, of course, the social and cultural pressure to avoid masking one’s children will also be stronger in countries where the official government advice discourages the practice.
It’s important to recognize, though, that the U.S. is not Europe. And that some states — like Mississippi and Alabama — have both anti-mask policies and extremely low vaccination rates. On the other hand, Switzerland and Florida have comparable vaccination rates. Given the complicated politics surrounding reopening schools and masking children in the U.S., it may be useful to reflect on how other high-income countries are using —
or not using — non-medical masks in their schools.