The NYSE was founded in 1792 and first functioned as an open outcry market. In addition to the
basic features of these markets described in the last section, the NYSEâs procedures also
embodied the following principles.
Price priority.
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Time priority
First-come, first-served is a time-honored principle that rewards prompt action. In the
present case, the first member to bid or offer at a price gets the first trade at that price.
Beyond that, there is no time priority. In a crowd, itâs possible to keep track of who was
first. Itâs more difficult to keep track of who was second, third, etc.
After the first trade at a price, all members bidding or offering at that price are said to be
at parity. This means that they have equal claim to all counterparty interest at that price
Size precedence
This is a secondary priority rule. Normally, if A and B are both bidding $100 and are at
parity, they will share arriving sellers equally. If an order to sell 300 shares at the price
arrives, A and B will each buy 150 shares, or they might flip a coin for the whole amount.
But if A is bidding for 300 shares and B is bidding for 100 shares, A would get the full
amount based on size precedence. Size precedence is rarely invoked nowadays.
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The limit order book
The book is maintained by the specialist. When there were multiple specialists, each specialist
could have his own limit order book. Now there is a single electronic book.
In acting as agent for limit order book, the specialist in a sense becomes the book, representing it
as if it were a single floor trader. An important implication of this is that although price/time
priority is strictly observed within the book, the book as a single entity might be at parity with
floor traders that arrived considerably after the limit orders in the book were posted.