Schwab receives USD 0.0030 per share when selling limit orders to Citadel.
https://www.schwab.com/public/schwab/nn/legal_compliance/important_notices/material_aspects.html
Citadel makes a profit on top of that. Otherwise they would not buy the order.
Consequently, it is tempting to conclude that whatever you gain on zero commission is lost on poorer execution. Also taking into account that IB - a DMA broker not selling order flow - claim to deliver a better execution to the tune of USD 0.0043 per share.
https://investors.interactivebrokers.com/en/index.php?f=1340
However, I am not sure it is as simple as that. I am sure retail client orders are also exposed to predatory HFTs even though a DMA broker is used. The payment for order flow is just a payment to make sure that the particular market maker buying the order will profit from the order instead of other market makers. It does not necessarily mean that the order wouldn't have been exposed to bad execution due to HFTs anyway.
A critical question is how much emphasis we can put on IB's claim that they improve price execution by 0.0043 as stated above. I believe Ameritrade claim they improve price execution as well. Let me look into that.