Jamie Dimon a Hurricane is coming

gas-prices-01.jpeg


Whoop! Mendocino California dreaming!

P.S. I saw a report about this gas station this morning, they are now up to something like $9.95 for regular 87. This is gouging the likes of which we have not seen in any lifetime.
%%
OK;
but that price includes tax + '' TECHRON'':D:D
 
I am saying, any downgrade of U.S. Treasuries should have had no other criterion than the risk of inflation, as that is the only risk U.S. Treasuries represent to the holder. However S&P down rated Treasuries, they say, because of Congress's annual threat to not approve the budget -- or in Congress's lingo, not raise the "debt" ceiling. Of course, this is ridiculous and the U.S. will never default on Treasuries. Apparently S&P and Moody don't have a clue how to rate sovereign bonds issued in the Sovereigns own currency. They still treat these as if they represented real debt and therefore could be defaulted on. They should stick to rating real debt which would be corporate bonds or bonds issued by a sovereign but denominated in another nations currency. The misunderstanding of the true nature of sovereign bonds denominated in the issuers own currency runs deep and pervades world bond markets. For example, if you currently own Russian Bonds denominated in Rubles there is zero risk of Russia defaulting on them, unless they just don't like you!. All the risk you bear has to do with the future buying power of the Ruble relative to other sovereign currencies. On the other hand Russia has also borrowed in dollars. Those bonds do bear a risk of default. Instead of being paid in dollars, you could be paid in Rubles at some trumped up artificial exchange rate relative to the dollar. That would be a default.
%%
MAYBE right on US debt, assume they don't lie about it like so much , like they do so much??
Evil empire debt has a much greater risk, espececally since AUG 1998 , wasnt it?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
 
%%
MAYBE right on US debt, assume they don't lie about it like so much , like they do so much??
Evil empire debt has a much greater risk, espececally since AUG 1998 , wasnt it?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

upload_2022-6-7_18-18-35.jpeg


https://files.stlouisfed.org/files/htdocs/publications/review/02/11/ChiodoOwyang.pdf

From the St. Louis Fed---

"A Case Study of a
Currency Crisis: The
Russian Default of 1998
Abbigail J. Chiodo and Michael T. Owyang
A currency crisis can be defined as a specula-
tive attack on a country’s currency that can
result in a forced devaluation and possible
debt default. One example of a currency crisis
occurred in Russia in 1998 and led to the devaluation
of the ruble and the default on public and private
debt.1Currency crises such as Russia’s are often
thought to emerge from a variety of economic condi-
tions, such as large deficits and low foreign reserves.
They sometimes appear to be triggered by similar
crises nearby, although the spillover from these con-
tagious crises does not infect all neighboring econ-
omies—only those vulnerable to a crisis themselves.
In this paper, we examine the conditions under
which an economy can become vulnerable to a
currency crisis. We review three models of currency
crises, paying particular attention to the events lead-
ing up to a speculative attack, including expectations
of possible fiscal and monetary responses to impend-
ing crises. Specifically, we discuss the symptoms
exhibited by Russia prior to the devaluation of the
ruble. In addition, we review the measures that were
undertaken to avoid the crisis and explain why those
steps may have, in fact, hastened the devaluation.
The following section reviews the three genera-
tions of currency crisis models and summarizes the
conditions under which a country becomes vulner-
able to speculative attack. The third section examines
the events preceding the Russian default of 1998 in
the context of a currency crisis. The fourth section
applies the aforementioned models to the Russian
crisis.
CURRENCY CRISES: WHAT DOES
MACROECONOMIC THEORY SUGGEST?
A currency crisis is defined as a speculative
attack on country A’s currency, brought about by
agents attempting to alter their portfolio by buying
another currency with the currency of country A.2
This might occur because investors fear that the
government will finance its high prospective deficit
through seigniorage (printing money) or attempt to
reduce its nonindexed debt (debt indexed to neither
another currency nor inflation) through devaluation.
A devaluation occurs when there is market pres-
sure to increase the exchange rate (as measured by
domestic currency over foreign currency) because
the country either cannot or will not bear the cost
of supporting its currency. In order to maintain a
lower exchange rate peg, the central bank must buy
up its currency with foreign reserves. If the central
bank’s foreign reserves are depleted, the government
must allow the exchange rate to float up—a devalu-
ation of the currency. This causes domestic goods
and services to become cheaper relative to foreign
goods and services. The devaluation associated with
a successful speculative attack can cause a decrease
in output, possible inflation, and a disruption in
both domestic and foreign financial markets.3
The standard macroeconomic framework
applied by Fleming (1962) and Mundell (1963) to
international issues is unable to explain currency
crises. In this framework with perfect capital mobil-
ity, a fixed exchange rate regime results in capital
flight when the central bank lowers interest rates
and results in capital inflows when the central bank
raises interest rates. Consequently, the efforts of the
monetary authority to change the interest rate are
undone by the private sector. In a flexible exchange
rate regime, the central bank does not intervene in
the foreign exchange market and all balance of pay-
ment surpluses or deficits must be financed by
private capital outflows or inflows, respectively.
The need to explain the symptoms and remedies
of a currency crisis has spawned a number of models
designed to incorporate fiscal deficits, expectations,
and financial markets into models with purchasing
power parity. These models can be grouped into
three generations, each of which is intended to
explain specific aspects that lead to a currency crisis.
1Kharas, Pinto, and Ulatov (2001) provide a history from a fundamentals-
based perspective, focusing on taxes and public debt issues. We
endeavor to incorporate a role for monetary policy.
2The speculative attack need not be successful to be dubbed a currency
crisis.
3Burnside, Eichenbaum, and Rebelo (2001) show that the government
has at its disposal a number of mechanisms to finance the fiscal costs
of the devaluation. Which policy is chosen determines the inflationary
effect of the currency crisis.

Abbigail J. Chiodo is a senior research associate and Michael T. Owyang
is an economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. The authors
thank Steven Holland, Eric Blankmeyer, John Lewis, and Rebecca
Beard for comments and suggestions and Victor Gabor at the World
Bank for providing real GDP data.
©2002, The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis"
 
Everything is fake, scripted, across social media and life. I wouldn't be surprised if it was later revealed that story is fake...just to be catchy, funny and get free hype and marketing and publicity.

Come on....charging 69 cents a gallon for gas?! You're telling me that is purely an accident and coincidental. Gas station owners and employees have the basic immature minds of 14 year olds.
 
Everything is fake, scripted, across social media and life. I wouldn't be surprised if it was later revealed that story is fake...just to be catchy, funny and get free hype and marketing and publicity.

Come on....charging 69 cents a gallon for gas?! You're telling me that is purely an accident and coincidental. Gas station owners and employees have the basic immature minds of 14 year olds.

Relax. It’s not that serious.

You’re posting like a nutjob. Everything is fake and scripted? Everything?! Jesus.
 
Back
Top