Commissions when Soes started were around $25 per 1000 shares. After a couple of years some firms were down to $12 per share. Before Reg NMS you could have a stock with a 1/4 spread on the Nasdaq but you would have an ecn such as Brut or Redi doing a half point spread. Do the math. If you buy a quarter point below the national bid and sell at the bid, you made $250 and paid around $15 in commission. Don't tell me it is an academic argument because there are P&L statements that say otherwise. Reg NMS required top of book to get done before lower bids. That basically did away with the arbs. I guess you are one of those that think markets are always efficient. As one major hedge fund manager is known to say "everyone I know who believes the markets are efficient is broke". There are inefficiencies in the market, just a lot less than there used to be and they aren't as obvious. The bulk of the consistent money in the market these days seems to be in trading the spreads and collecting rebates.