2. Participants who develop an intelligent understanding of the conventional market practices like above, and seek to optimize them to enhance their returns. Seems like you've done or started to do this with value investing vs. just holding an index, for example. Other low-hanging fruit to enhance returns without much complexity or advanced study is the strategic use of very slight leverage to increase returns over time while still keeping a near 0% risk of ruin using basic past market statistics, or basic hedging techniques using long-term options in certain ways to slightly elevate the r:r over time of a portfolio.
I have been thinking more about this. The problem that I find is that put options on the kind of value stocks that I buy are both expensive and much less liquid (bid/ask spreads are enormous). In some cases, options don't even exist. So I'm faced with either:
1. Buying value stocks without leverage.
2. "Hedge" with index options.
3. Invest leveraged in indexes.
I don't like the second option because I don't feel safe enough buying let's say ES/SPY puts to hedge an individual stocks portfolio. They are correlated, but not enough to make me feel safe. I don't want to see my stocks plummeting, while being leveraged, while the main index doesn't fall that much. This is even more problematic when investing in non US markets, where I hold less different stocks per country, and therefore the variability in returns between the index and my portfolio is even bigger.
And about the third possibility, I'd be sacrificing expected returns, so unless I use lots of leverage, I don't think it's worth it (being just 2:1 leveraged expected returns aren't that different from simply buying value stocks without leverage). And if I'm using a lot of leverage, I have to be very accurate when valuing put options, so I don't end paying more than the expected return of the underlying until expiration. So for the moment I'm just sticking with 1...

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