Indicator for Comparing Which of Two Correlated Instruments is Leading/Lagging?

Thanks all, these are great suggestions.

Re: Cointegration. I understand that instruments that are highly correlated may not be cointegrated, but will instruments that are cointegrated also be highly correlated?
 
One can overlay two charts for this and course they will switch back and forth, but is there an indicator which would show this? Suggestions appreciated.

You could fit a "vector autoregression" (VAR) to test for "Granger causality". The equations for a VAR(1) with two variables x1 and x2 are

x1(t) = c11*x1(t-1) + c12*x2(t-1) + e1(t)
x2(t) = c21*x1(t-1) + c22*x2(t-1) + e2(t)

where e1(t) and e2(t) are noise terms. If c12 is statistically significant, x2 helps predict x1. If c21 is statistically significant, x1 helps predict x2. Note that it is possible for x1 to be predicted by past values of x1 and x2 *and* for x2 to be predicted by past values of x1 and x2.

There are many R packages and at least one Python package for VARs. In general you should read about "time series analysis".
 
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