It's fairly common for high frequency firms to post returns that are in high double digits. For ultra-high frequency, their capital turnovers are staggering and they do post 100-200% percent returns with double digit Sharpe ratios. It's possible to do in ways that are not very sensitive to latency. For example, I have strategies that produce 50-60% returns on capital with Sharpe ratios of 5+. Unfortunately, the output capacity of those strategies is not sufficient for me.
Majority of funds are incentivized to produce returns that are de-correlated from the markets. It's called the "market neutral mandate", which is probably the key selling point of most hedge funds. Nobody needs to pay 2/20 to go long the market, you can do that by buying some SPYs.
For example, while I am not a stand-alone fund but just a monkey for hire, I have very tight beta limits. This means I can't just go long the market, while an individual investor can (and definitely should). In a year when the market is up 20+% and volatility is down to 5%, I am likely to underperform the market, while in 2008 and 2011 I had triple-digit returns.
First of all, unless the two traders are perfectly systematic, it's very hard to say who does what in terms of analysis. Our brains are complex black boxes and it's likely that
@Scataphagos does a lot in his head unconsciously while someone else might need to do it explicitly.
Second of all, most institutional strategies can (and usually are) very simple and literally can be explained on a napkin. Even though the stuff that can sound very intimidating is actually pretty simple once you understand it. The relevant mathematics or financial terms are just a way to express simple ideas.
Complex analysis comes in once you start thinking about execution, managing risk, managing multiple concurrent strategies etc.