Hello.
There's lot of misconception about the fed role.
Those myth is mostly due to misunderstandings of Federal Reserve policy and its relationship to Fiscal policy. In a technical sense, the Treasury prints money-like instruments when it runs a deficit. They expand private sector balance sheets by creating Treasury Bonds. They could, theoretically, fund their spending by printing physical cash. This would also be money printing. The Fed, however, is really just a big clearinghouse for banks.
They create reserves, which are money for banks, and that money expansion doesn’t necessarily cause private sector financial asset quantities to increase. In other words, the Fed is mostly engaging in the process of changing the composition of the assets the Treasury creates (via policies like QE) while the Treasury is the actual asset printing entity in an aggregate sense.
Quantitative Easing (QE) is a form of monetary policy that involves the Fed expanding its balance sheet in order to alter the composition of the private sector’s balance sheet. This means the Fed is creating new money and buying private sector assets like MBS or T-bonds. When the Fed buys these assets it is technically “printing” new money, but it is also effectively “unprinting” the T-bond or MBS from the private sector.
When people call QE “money printing” they imply that there is magically more money and more assets in the private sector which will chase more goods which will lead to higher inflation. But since QE doesn’t change the private sector’s net worth (because it’s a swap of deposits for bonds) the operation is actually a lot more like changing a savings account into a checking account.
On the other hand, The money multiplier concept implies that reserves are used to make new loans or that there is some necessary ratio between reserves and new loans. But the exact opposite is true. Banks make loans and find reserves after the fact. Bank lending is not reserve constrained. So the causation moves in the exact opposite direction from what most textbooks teach us. Bank loans create new deposits and banks find the necessary reserves after the fact if they must.
These a very good paper about this here:
https://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/2010/201041/201041pap.pdf