Remember, the Fed minutes show Greenspan knew raising margin requirements would have thrown cold water on the speculative stock market fire in stocks. Margin requirements were not raised because the Fed didn't want to raise them! Moreover, they now want to throw a party even bigger than the one after Long Term Capital collapsed, or at the end of the 2000 crisis, when banks were supposed to be out of cash at midnight. Remember that scare? The Fed is always looking for a good scare to justify "goosing the money supply."
How about deflation? Take a look at your bills for insurance (health, home and car), home property taxes, gas, heating, college tuition, and anything the shrinking middle class might want. The CPI is up 3% from April 2002 - April 2003, the dollar is off 30%, and the Fed gets away with actually talking about deflation as a threat. Speculators will look back and laugh. John Q Public will look back and cry.
Greenspan's history as Fed Chairman suggests that when there is anything obvious that would suggest a prudent Fed Chairman might want to take the Punch Bowl away (like a stock market bubble or housing bubble), he casts around for an excuse to distract from the obvious. For the stock market bubble, the theme was "productivity"; For the housing bubble, the theme is "deflation."
In order to understand what is wrong with the system, one needs to focus on what used to be right. The old economy rewarded saving and investment. A balance between the need for funds and the use of funds was achieved by the concepts called credit underwriting and interest rate risk, and a return on capital as well as a return of capital. Investors needed to rely on the credit worthiness of a borrower to be paid back. Savers cared about their money. Lenders and portfolio managers were there to protect them and held to a prudent man rule. Through careful underwriting, only the best projects that could pay the required return got financed. Reasonably high interest rates balanced the risk of repayment, and many credits were denied because, frankly, supplying those projects with credit was foolish and would result in loss. In the Mid-1990's, the Fed changed and so did the world.
The new Fed Model is based on two simple rules: 1) Forget about actual cash savings, and 2) if two entities in the economy enter into a contract, make sure that the contract is financed. Indeed, everything gets financed. There is no need to ration investments to the best projects and credits. Saving is not necessary because there is credit creation. Since credit can be created without limit, credit underwriting is not necessary. All ideas deserve to be financed. The Fed's lack of knowledge or concern about credit underwriting is understandable because Fed officials are unlikely to have ever made a loan of their own money that they personally had to collect.
Indeed, the only loan the Fed ever makes is by buying United States Treasury Bonds, which the Fed knows will be paid. Old Treasury bonds will be paid because the Fed can always buy more New Treasury bonds with their own money (just printed up) to pay off the Old Treasury Bonds. Since the Fed can print money, it can always pay itself off! So, why would a central bank concern itself with credit underwriting or whether investments are any good? Money can always be created to make the investments good!
The Fed's New Economic Model allows the economy and asset prices, like stock and housing, to "break free" and rise without any concept of true value. Money and Credit can be created by Alan Greenspan's will and spent to carry the world economy. If easy money is always available, and all contracts will be financed, there is really no need for something so outdated and passé as savings, allocating credit, credit underwriting or due diligence. Any systematic concerns about getting repaid are overcome, because there is really no penalty to Moral Hazard and speculative finance. The Fed will always signal the speculators when to get out or guarantee their returns.
For the system, money has become either totally free, or extraordinarily cheap, and available to all. When you think of it, how could the "dot.com scam" have been pulled off by Wall Street if money had been tight enough to require serious consideration of an investment's value? Now, after $7 Trillion was wiped out, what is the penalty? At worst, a few "fall guy" stock analysts might be blamed, and a minor "speeding ticket" issued to the major Wall Street firms. Cost benefit analysis shows hundreds of billions in profits, and a mere $1.4 billion fine. Not a bad risk reward analysis for your newly minted MBA's out learning the way the system really works. Wall Street can offer reward without risk, and it's clear the best money to be made is in Moral Hazard and speculative finance (just don't keep the e-mails)!
Indeed, with Greenspan at the helm it is obvious he can't run his New Economic Model without relying on Moral Hazard. Example: Automobile Companies. He desperately needs them to keep selling cars and they are desperate to book sales. If the car manufacturer is fortunate to get someone to come to a dealer's car lot and sign a piece of paper that says some day they might have to pay for the car, the auto manufacturer can book an accounting sale. Forget loan underwriting. The finance company of the manufacturer can bundle the loans into an asset backed security, and sell the security to a bond or money market fund, and, with an easy Fed, all such securities will be financed. It doesn't matter that used car prices have been cut in half because of the 100-year flood of trade-ins and repossessions. A $3,000 cash back incentive really helps if a customer is broke. Buy a car. You can drive off with enough cash to pay your mortgage and car payments for a few more months! Sign your name and drive away; it's a sale! Losses for the car companies will be staggering if America does not find jobs. Ford could fail in 2004.
Sears is trying to sell their credit card portfolio. Maybe they know that a lot of past sales were made to "dead beats" and the sales weren't actually sales. All this paper has been financed - does anyone remember how much of the technology equipment sales were made using vendor finance to companies who could never pay. Corporate balance sheets might be getting stronger with easy money, but there is likely Half a Trillion Dollars of balance sheet equity based on past sales that were not real or will never be paid for. Moreover, there is at least a Trillion Dollars of goodwill on corporate balance sheets used to support debt covenants which represents pure vapor, bogus sales, and over-paying for previous acquisitions.
Credit underwriting? Fugidaboutit! Let Moral Hazard Roll. The GSEs must have over a Trillion dollars of very low down payment and sub prime mortgages either on their books or guaranteed in Agency securities. The GSE paper is "mystery meat" which explains why they are fighting so hard to give out honest data and to register their securities with the SEC. Many GSE loans are loans that would never be made by investors lending their own money. However, nobody cares because GSE paper is by definition AAA. So, every mortgage created will be financed. Most importantly, for the care and feeding of the housing bubble, financing any and all mortgages allows housing prices to rise. Rising housing prices makes all loans good, even if the owner can't afford to make any payments! FNMA's motto is "REFI because a "rolling loan gathers no loss." For every Hedge Fund, Broker Dealer, and small or large bank, it's "hold your nose, close your eyes, and buy Treasuries, Agencies, and even Junk Bonds." The Fed will finance anything and promise to buy the bonds if prices come under pressure. Take the risk; be patriotic; save the economy. The Fed will bail you out! Doesn't this encourage Moral Hazard?
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