Quote from RiceRocket:
Debt-deflation theory of Irving Fisher:
Assuming, accordingly, that, at some point of time, a state of over-indebtedness exists, this will tend to lead to liquidation, through the alarm either of debtors or creditors or both. Then we may deduce the following chain of consequences in nine links: (1) Debt liquidation leads to distress selling and to (2) Contraction of deposit currency, as bank loans are paid off, and to a slowing down of velocity of circulation. This contraction of deposits and of their velocity, precipitated by distress selling, causes (3) A fall in the level of prices, in other words, a swelling of the dollar. Assuming, as above stated, that this fall of prices is not interfered with by reflation or otherwise, there must be (4) A still greater fall in the net worths of business, precipitating bankruptcies and (5) A like fall in profits, which in a âcapitalistic,â that is, a private-profit society, leads the concerns which are running at a loss to make (6) A reduction in output, in trade and in employment of labor. These losses, bankruptcies and unemployment, lead to (7) Pessimism and loss of confidence, which in turn leads to (8) Hoarding and slowing down still more the velocity of circulation. The above eight changes cause (9) Complicated disturbances in the rates of interest, in particular, a fall in the nominal, or money, rates and a rise in the real, or commodity, rates of interest.
This creates a cycle where the more debtors pay down debt, the more they owe.
In the end, the economy has been tipped too far and will not recover to equilibrium which will result in a collapse of all debt in the economy or universal bankruptcy of businesses and the government. The only way to stop this process is to re-introduce inflation, to stop the cycle.
The reason the great depression lasted so long with fits and starts lies in the fed taking away stimulus too soon. From May to September 1932, there was a recovery, due to the fed open market purchases. Due to many circumstances the efforts were not kept up, and the economy went back into the downward spiral.