question 1:
<i>Why did the U.S. stock market stage a comeback on Friday around 2 pm EST to end positive for the day?</i>
i'm not a fund manager. i am a full-time trader.
you say "no technical analysis". well, then you won't like the answer given, but technical stuff is the reason many moves occur. besides, <b>you're asking the wrong question</B> - the right question is given later.
here's the background:
i don't generally trade the indices (and had taken friday afternoon off), but the market is <b>short-term oversold</b>. at 1 pm friday, the s&p basically went straight down for the next hour. for any short-term trader, that type of action in the middle of the day is a clear sign to at LEAST cover a chunk of shorts, if not go long.
<b>so that's the 2 o'clock bounce</B>. big deal, dead cat bounces happen all the time. the reason is "profit taking!" or "it can't fall any further". that's the bounce for the next 30 minutes. much of the time, the original direction (down) resumes.
HOWEVER...there's that oversold thing. and intraday, we were just oversold. it starts to go down again (about 230-245) and can't do it. and instead of going down again - it starts to reverse up.
so what happens? shorts who hadn't covered before want to lock in profits. shorts who jumped in on that bounce, sure it would go back down again, start to get stopped out. and many traders know of this kind of squeeze setup, and start jumping in.
the BIG move after 3pm was likely a combination of that, and the crowd who don't like to hold their position over the weekend after a kind-of (daily) big move (in this case, the shorts).
the right question isn't what happened at 2pm. the right question is "<b>who were the buyers who stopped the market's downtrend / pushed it up between roughly 2:30 and 3:00"</B>? and you won't find the answer here, you'd have to find it by asking fund managers to let you see their trading logs. good luck with that.
and if you're saying "no technical analysis", you're kind of missing the whole picture.