It's a tricky question. Since there is no more "fair and orderly market" obligation, there is a legitimate concern (which materialized more than once) that liquidity is there when you don't really need it and not there when you really do. Also, because of the quote and book depth volatility, the volatility gets exacerbated. If I was forced to give an answer, I'd say long-term investor is the net winner, especially with free trading and such. Short-term lower-turnover traders are definite losers.Also all the alphas are all commoditized now so margins are very small now (1-2 bps at most), the trend towards automation has sped up the commoditization of alphas (code has zero marginal cost of replication)
The general idea, though, is that HFT is here to stay. We have to deal with it, same way as with other aspects of our daily reality (e.g. closed gyms and restaurants - thank you Bill de Blasio).