Quote from ShoeshineBoy:
I agree with what you're saying overall, but I would comment that even though there are significant gaps in our knowledge of the universe, we can come to some solid conclusions such as regarding the Big Bang, expansion of the universe, basic star formation, etc.
I disagree that we can come to all these solid conclusions. Until the middle 90s (as I said), we thought we were rather knowledgeable about the universe. Then they discovered that they had underestimated it be a factor of about 25-fold. If the universe is indeed 11-dimensional and a multiverse, we have almost no clue what that entails and it is quite possible we will never grasp most of this. In fact, it was arguments over the expansion of the universe that mostly led to this. This is the theory du jour, until alternatives or better evidence changes our paradigm again.
As to the Big Bang, we never witnessed it. We have never seen another singularity like it. We only have fragmentary evidence that has been pieced together, such as the COBE mission which mapped cosmic microwave background radiation seemingly dating to about 300,000 years after the BB. And they measure the time events following the BB down to the trillionths of a second, but it is still based on modelling something unobserved and poorly understood. For all we know, 50-200 years from now, it may be drastically altered, once we hopefully can get beyond our excessively limited 3-D existence.
As an example: for decades, nutritional supplements like caretenoids, vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, etc. were "thought" by science to have powerful health effects on the human body. But much of the recent studies seems to indicate many or most of these in supplement form have little to no value to us, and some even shorten lifespans. The current thinking is that nutrients should be gotten from appropriate fruits, veggies, and other foods, if these is any hope for health benefits.
Science is not a finished work, and little of what we have discovered can be declared as a done deal. It is powerful, but it is still in the toddler phase.