The point you are missing, trefoil, is that America was a producer economy and a net creditor during the timeframes you speak of. We are now a consumer economy and the largest debtor in the world. Since our economy is a net importer as seen by the trade deficits, it is not possible for us to "grow out of this". Also, remember that America had solid trade barriers until about 100 years ago to make sure we were not overrun by foreign goods as we are now. Our economy has been debt driven since we went from a net creditor to a net debtor during Reagan's term.