Rise of the robots
Black box trading - in which powerful computer programs scour the markets for money-making trading opportunities - is set to have a major influence on the development of dealing and exchange technology over the coming decade. The rise of the robots has implications for every active participant in the deal execution arena - traders, vendors, institutions, exchanges and regulators.
Program trading now accounts for about half of the average daily volume on the New York Stock Exchange, up from about 15% five years ago and about 40% in 2003. The growth is being driven by ever-more sophisticated algorithms and their repackaging for buy-side consumption. In aggregate, program volume executed on the Nyse by firms as agent, for non-member customers, amounted to 55.5% during the week of Nov. 8-12.
Dealing room mavericks and active day traders who like to fly by the seat of their pants are losing out in this man vs machine dual. The successful human trader of the future will be more akin to a buttoned-up jet fighter pilot, flipping switches on a dashboard in response to commands from his unflappable auto-pilot.
For market data vendors, this shift in the balance of power necessitates a rethink of traditional data feed strategies. Screen-based interfaces augmented with pricey 3D-visualisation tools to aid the human interpretation of reams of real-time price feeds will have less appeal than the fat pipe pumping raw data directly into an auto-dealing engine. Instead, more effort will need to be expended on the back office, supplying cold, clean reference data for post-trade cost efficiency drives.
Bulge bracket brokers will increasingly compete to produce the best algorithms. Most will offer them to the buy-side through interfaces with order management systems, or as white label services supplied by smaller broker-dealers. The more sophisticated will open up the black box to their biggest clients, allowing institutions themselves to re-tune the system to suit their own trading objectives and goals.
Such strategies reposition the sell-side institutions as technology vendors in their own rights, creating a need for a new set of skills in customer relationship management, sales, distribution and benchmarking.
The buy side might welcome the increasing cost-efficiency and the competition for custom, but should also be wary of leaking their own intellectual property and trading secrets, with the black box serving as an inscrutable 'spy in the cab' for self-serving sell-side strategists.
The exchanges themselves also have much to think about. There are now so many computer programs flipping trades as the markets close that late day volatility is becoming the norm.
Nyse is understood to be reviewing program trading rules introduced after the stock market crash of 1987, when computer programs contributed to the downward spiral that caused the market to tumble. The Big Board still defines program trading as index-abitrage, or trading a basket of 15 or more stocks with a value of at least $1 million. It was an adequate definition at the time, but the latest generation of programs are much more elaborate, breaking down bargains into smaller orders and sweeping across multiple markets and asset classes.
Conversely, the introduction of a new hybrid electronic and auction market by the Nyse, and upcoming SEC regulations compelling brokers to execute at the best available price, are likely to further push the pace of program trading.
The human broker is not finished yet - after all, somebody has to pay for lunch - but on the dealing floor, the machines are clearly in the ascendancy.
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