Honestly, it's too complicated... but the bitcoin protocol, the bitcoin software, and the bitcoin network will award the 12.5₿ to the miner that broadcasts the "solution". It happens approximately every 10 minutes. Then, additionally, there are transaction fees collected from all the people who "sent/transferred" bitcoin to other bitcoin addresses..... One can only "discover" one. ..."
"Every ten minutes or so mining computers collect a few hundred pending bitcoin transactions (a “block”) and turn them into a mathematical puzzle. The first miner to find the solution announces it to others on the network. The other miners then check whether the sender of the funds has the right to spend the money, and whether the solution to the puzzle is correct. If enough of them grant their approval, the block is cryptographically added to the ledger and the miners move on to the next set of transactions (hence the term “blockchain”)."
http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2015/01/economist-explains-11
Satoshi's wallet has about a million bitcoin worth $1.25B but no one can transfer those coins for selling. A bitcoin wallet contains the private keys for the bitcoin public addresses that "contain" bitcoin as recorded on the blockchain (the database entries of all bitcoin since the very beginning called the genesis block). Approximately every 10 minutes, a new entry is added to the blockchain, but it's dependendent on the previous entry, which is dependent on the previous entry, etc... No miner can solve a block in the future (whether an hour from now or a day from now) as the blockchain builds up to that time. No one, miner or any entity can change the blockchain entries of the past and give himself a million bitcoin as the blockchain is distributed worldwide and verified by every single bitcoin node. I have a node that is active on the network and all the entries on my node's blockchain match someone else's node in Australia.
Bitcoin value may crash within the next 7 days, as the fate of the ETF application (symbol COIN) is decided and it's probably going to get rejected. It will be interesting if it gets approved, but the probability is supposed to be low. March 11 is the deadline? Traders may be putting all kinds of complex positions on bitcoin exchanges now. Bitcoin can be shorted on some exchanges.
