Well let's say I have an idea about an edge. It seems to work when I look at a chart during the day. But, am I really seeing what is happening or what I expect to happen?
The ability to code up the idea and run it on past market action will, if I properly coded my idea, show whether the edge existed in the past. This assumes proper allowance for slippage, etc., etc.
If the backtest fails, my edge was illusory as my brain was mis-interpreting the chart. If it shows a good win percentage or whatever metric I'm looking for, it confirms my idea. However, backtesting does not guarantee that the edge still exists. I think any discussion should address how the market constantly changes and how to handle the change.