the Dow Jones industrial average dropped 3.6 percent, the Standard & Poor's 500 index fell 4.3 percent.
"Oil is being driven by perceptions about the economy, and there are plenty of obstacles to an international recovery," said David Moore, commodity strategist at Commonwealth Bank of Australia in Sydney. "It's going to be difficult for the next year."
Traders also are focused on weekly petroleum inventory data that the Energy Information Agency will release Wednesday. Analysts expect a build of 3 million barrels in crude stocks, according to a survey by Platts, the energy information arm of McGraw-Hill Cos. Crude stocks already are near 19-year highs.
"There's a lot of oil around in the U.S.," Moore said.
Moore said he expects crude prices to rise to $58 a barrel by the end of the year as the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries moves to reduce production in line with falling demand. OPEC has already announced 4.2 million of output cuts since September.
"If prices are in the mid-$40s, OPEC might be inclined to leave production targets where they are," Moore said. "But at some point OPEC may cut again as demand forecasts keep getting wound back."