to quote
<i>Panel A of Table 2 is an excerpt from the message file for ticker symbol ADCT
on October 2, 2007 beginning at 09:51:57.849 and ending at 09:53:04.012 (roughly 66
seconds). Over this period, there were 35 submissions (and 35 cancels) of orders to buy
100 shares, and 32 submissions (and 32 cancels) of orders to buy 300 shares. The pricing
of the orders caused the bid quote to rapidly oscillate between $20.04 and $20.05. The
difference in order sizes and the brief intervals between cancelations and submissions
suggest that the traffic is being generated by algorithms that seem to respond to each
other.14</i>