By GABRIELE STEINHAUSER And VANESSA MOCK
this is from Wall Street Journal
BRUSSELSâThe European Union gave the green light on Tuesday for 11 states that account for two-thirds of the bloc's economy to impose a small tax on trades in stocks, bonds and derivatives.
If implemented as planned, the levy could transform financial-market flows in Europe, but many observers expect difficult negotiations ahead to diminish its impact.
The European Commission, the EU's executive arm, had hoped to create a financial-transaction tax for all 27 EU member states. But that plan was quickly blocked by the U.K., home to the City of London trading hub, and several other countries worried that it would lead investors to switch their trades to the U.S. or Asia.
Germany and France, eager to show their electorates that they could recoup some of the cost of the financial crisis from banks and other firms, decided to push ahead anyway.
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They persuaded Spain, Italy, Belgium, Estonia, Greece, Austria, Portugal, Slovenia and Slovakia to join in and on Tuesday got a majority of EU states to allow them to proceed with the tax.
Algirdas Semeta, the EU's taxation commissioner, called the deal a "major milestone" in European and global tax history. "For the first time ever, a financial-transaction tax will be applied at regional level," he said. "A bloc representing about two-thirds of EU [gross domestic product] will implement this fair tax together, answering the longtime calls of their citizens."
Mr. Semeta said he would make a detailed pitch for the transaction tax for the 11 countries before the end of February and aimed to stick closely to his original proposal. Under that plan, a 0.1% tax would be imposed on trades in stocks and bonds, while derivative transactions would be taxed at 0.01%. The proposal would then need unanimous approval from all 11 participating states.
How much money the tax could raiseâand what it would be used forâis still unclear and would depend heavily on its final form.
In its original proposal, the commission estimated that the tax could generate as much as â¬57 billion ($76 billion) a year if it were applied across the EU. On Tuesday, Mr. Semeta said the same levy applied for just 11 states should raise more than a proportional share of that â¬57 billion, because of the complex way in which the tax base is calculated. France, however, has estimated that the levy could generate around â¬10 billion for the 11 participants.
Even though the idea of a small levy on financial transactions, also known as the "Tobin tax" after American economist James Tobin, has been around for decades, it has never been implemented on a grand scale.
Critics warn that unless it is imposed on a global level, a broad financial-transaction tax could just push investors to conduct their trades elsewhere.
But Mr. Semeta said that the commission had come up with a way of levying the tax that prevents investors from relocating. The tax would be imposed on both the buyer and the seller of a financial instrument, as long as either of the two parties is based in one of the participating countries or acting on behalf of someone based in one of those countries.
That means that even investors in London or New York may not fully escape the tax.
Financial firms across Europe, nevertheless, warned that such a tax could hurt the participating countries.
"The ones who suffer would be companies trying to hedge against exchange risks as well as citizens with savings targetsâparticularly for their pensions," Germany's major banking associations said in a joint statement.
Many observers believe that these risks may lead even the 11 countries that have pushed for the tax to end up with a less-ambitious levy, similar to the stamp duties that exist in France and the U.K.
"Even if the technical issues can be resolved, it's hard to imagine successfully implementing such a tax on stock-exchange transactions in Paris, Frankfurt and a few other countries but not in London, New York, or various exchanges in Asia," said Daniel Berman, an adjunct professor at Boston University School of Law and an expert in international taxation.